Community Health Visit: Klinik Kesihatan

Community Health Visit Klinik KesihatanAn Introduction to the Malaysian Healthcargon System just about of us redeem been exposed to the Malaysian healthec ar governing body mavin focus an otherwise, be it, private clinics or government ones, even hospitals at metres. The Malaysian healthc be brass stub be said to consist of a broad umbrella structure that encompasses the provision of healthc atomic number 18 to both urban, not to mentioni in resembling manner, the rural regions of our beloved country. In general however, it mint be classify under the public or private sector, which is rattling(prenominal) obvious in our country. The public sector which is backed financially by the government, constitutes a whopping 80% of the total health services in our country, the remaining 20%, needless to say, is provided by the private sector.The backbone, or in other words, basis of Malaysian Healthc ar, is organise on the foundations of the complementary ne cardinalrk of priva te and government clinics unneurotic with hospitals that argon avail suitable to the public. Each state of our country have their respective General Hospitals regain in the states capital. District hospitals pull up stakes be present in close to administrative districts. Health Centers (Klinik Kesihatan) pull up stakes supplement these district hospitals. Under Health Centers, atomic number 18 the Rural Clinics (Klinik Desa).Comparing the healthc atomic number 18 system in Malaysia with other first world countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom, the healthcare system in Malaysia is heavily subsidized by our government, in the aforementioned first world countries, treatment costs sack rocket sky high. Our government has do sure that the price the people pay for treatment from the public sector his reasonable and affordable to the majority of citizens. At least 5% of the national cypher is allocated to healthcare system exp destructionitures.Our government has listed the 8 elements of primary healthcare. To fulfill the 8 ELEMENTS, they provide these services as followsMaternal and pip-squeak HealthcareOut long-suffering services grassroots Dental HealthNutritionEnvironmental sanitationEssential drugsControl of Communicable DiseasesHealth EducationLaboratory servicesOrganization of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit PelandukKlinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk is located in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Port Dickson to be even more specific. There are 12 villages in the Jimah District empyrean, and this Klinik Kesihatan is located in that location. On the 29th of July 1986, operations baffle to go on in this clinic and the clinic has served as major centre for the treatment and recovery of the Japanese Encephalities and Nipah estimator estimator ready reckoner computer computer virus infected determinationurings. The vaccination for the deadly Nipah virus. There are subsidiary clinics such as Klinik Desa Chuah under the juris diction of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk that provides the aesculapian barricadeup services such as maternal and child healthcare services.Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelanduk is as well as located indoors the rung of 30 km from the Tuanku Jaa f dodgehermost Hospital and the Port Dickson Hospital in Negeri SembilanOganisation ChartCommunity nurse Public Health assistant U19 (6) U17 (1)Alto placeher there are 33 staff workers.Klinik Kesihatan Mantin is headed by an Administrative Doctor, who is directly responsible to the District Health Officer. Under the Administrative Doctor are two posts, which are the Assistant Medical Officer, and the Head Nurse. The Head Nurse is an authoritative figure, there are 7 components of the staff directly under her, which are the Assistant p defameaceutic move outicer Medical Lab Technician, Assistant Medical officer, Senior Community nurse, Public Health nurse, Health nurse, and the Trained nurse. Under the Senior Community nurse would be the Community nurse, and the Public Health assistant.Components of Health Services.The Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok has 6 main departments which are the Outpatient, Maternal and Child Health, Pharmacy, Laboratory, Dental Health, and Emergency Department. The resist through(p)patient department is by far the biggest service r annihilateered to the public and can be broken down in the diagram belowThe tabupatient department consists of the diabetic, hypertension, mental health, healthy teen and out patient clinic. The out patient procedures of obtaining medical services is shown in the diagram on the left.The outpatient department in other words, social occasions as the primary healthcare clinic. It is headed by an executive director doc( Medical Office). The out patient clinic sees an estimated 100 patients every single day. And the head nurse and assistant medical officers will do their utmost best to suffer out their respective responsibilities to assist the Administrator doc tor in all duties relevant to them.The Maternal and Child Health Clinic is headed to astoundher by the administrator doctor and the head nurse. This helps in reducing the workload of the administrator doctor. The head nurse together with the staff under her will such as community nurses, will conduct frequent basis visits and provide antenatal check-ups for pregnant women indoors that area.Diagram on the left shows a brief summary of Maternal and Child Health services.The Laboratory Department, which is headed by a medical lab technician. The medical laboratory is not as well equipped as those major hospitals, indeed the Laboratory Department of Klinik Kesihatan will collaborate with the Laboratory Department of the Tuanku JaafarHospital such as urine protein tests, thyroid function tests, lipid pro agitate and renal function tests.Diagram on left shows a brief summary of services provided by the Laboratory Department of Bukit Pelandok.Another most-valuable component of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok. After consulting the medical officers, patients who are eligible for prescriptions, will have their medication prescriptions handed to the assistant pharmaceutical officer, who will then supply the patients and inform them of the usage of the medication.Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok also has a dental department, the dental functions under the same operational hours of the clinic. Tooth extraction, filling, scaling, whitening are provided services. Major oral surgeries however would be referred to the Tuanku Jaafar and Port Dickson hospitals.Last alone not least, there is also an Emergency Department, this department is equipped to handle minor emergencies, it also has an ambulance and paramedics.The bar chart on the left shows the ethnicity of the total number of patients in 2010.Services Provided by Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok.I have already stated the various departments of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok in the Components of Health Services provid ed section.The departments of this clinic provides a wide range of treatment modalities, therefrom allowing the clinic to ensure that patients enjoy telling treatment.The outpatient department is the most busy of all the departments. The purposes of the outpatient department are to provide immediate treatment to patients who are acutely or chronically sick, and also to act as a control for the clinic against infective disease such as Tuberculosis. Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok also provides the Tuberculosis Direct Observed Therapy Short-course treatment. contemptible on to the Maternal and Child Health care department, the clinic mainly foc handlings on prenatal, antenatal, not to forget postnatal care of both the mother and foetus. There is a target to be achieved, which is the target of zero maternal deaths. They are accomplishing this target in a certain number of government agencys which include immediate diagnosis and treatment of pre-eclampsia, immunization of the mothe r and frequent antenatal check-ups up until the estimated delivery date. There are also activities scheduled by the department for disabled children on a case by case basis.For the Laboratory Department, their main role is to enable the clinician in conducting relevant laboratory studies that will help in the diagnosis and management of the disease. The Laboratory Department allows the clinic to receive results much faster compared to the sequence it takes to receive results from a nearby hospital.Some common tests conducted by this department are as followsBlood tests for HbA1c, lipid profile, platelet count, ESRLight micros imitate on source smears to detect blood disorders such as anemia, or parasites in the blood smears.Urinalysis for toxins, glycosuria, urea and red blood cell casts.Pregnancy testOther more intricate and complicated tests such as FTA-Abs for treponema pallidum, would require samples to be obtained and sent to the Tuanku Jaafar or Port Dickson General Hospital for processing.The pharmacy is responsible for dispensing medication in safe and legal amounts to patients, and to advise patients on practicing compliance in taking their medications. Patients will also be counseled on the side effects and contraindications of the drugs.ReflectionsFrom observing the complex structure of roles and responsibilities held by the distinguishable components and departments of Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Pelandok, it brings to light the vast prize of this particular clinic in the provision and primary healthcare of the residents in Bukit Pelandok.Many of the patients who visit this clinic are of the Malay ethnicity, I for particular, am one who is not facile in Bahasa Melayu compared to the English spoken language. I learnt that this could be a barrier in communicating with patients who can tho speak the Malay language. I have firm that I will brush up my Bahasa Melayu, and manipulate a few of the colloquial terms so that next time I would be able to hap even better in the Malay language.This clinic visit has taught me that every component of the staff has a part to play, and has managed to teach me invaluable lessons of becoming a team player.Section II Ho theatrical rolehold SurveyIntroductionBukit Pelanduk is most famous for the Nipah outbreak. Prior to the outbreak, during the 90s, it contain the bigheartedst pig farming communities in Southeast Asia. In between October 1998 and May 1999, that was the darkest time in Bukit Pelanduk recent history, there were approximately 104 deaths out of 258 cases of Nipah infected patients.Towards the Chinese new year in the center of attention of litigate 1999, a pig breeder from Sungai Nipah, which is located south of seremban, died suddenly triggering massive panic. Nearly half the creation of the village migrated elsewhere out of fear towards the grampus disease. The virus circle like a raging wildfire out of control causing many pig farmers not to mention villagers to abandon t heir farms and homes in panic. By March 1999, Bukit Pelanduk had sustain aboutthing like a g host town due to the mass exodus.The ministry of health then decided to raise the level of this epidemic to the level of national crisis. A Cabinet-level task force was set up, and then headed by the then Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. What was confusing was that at that time, the government adamantly insisted that it was right in checkging the disease as Japanese Encephalities, however both farmers and scientists opposed this theory and suspected that it was a different strain or virus altogether.The virus then opening to Kampung Sawah, Kampung India and even Sepang. Farmers consulted temple mediums, and promptly put up red banners at the mediums advice in and around their ho use of goods and servicess to ward off the angel of death.After months of futility in treating the outbreak as Japanese Encephalitis, the government in the leftover decided to call in the Departmen t of Medical Micribiology of University of Malaysas medical faculty for help in dealing with this disease. Dr Chua Kaw Bing was the doctor who managed to isolate the virus in five geezerhood. 12 days later, it was identified as a new Hendra-like virus and tagged as Nipah.Over one million pigs, or half our contrys pig population at that time, were culled. Around 36000 ppl suffered unemployment due to the destruction of farms. According to the United Nations sustenance and Agriculture Organization, it is estimated close to RM 500 million of pig production was lost.Today, pig farming is no longer allowed legally in Bukit Pelanduk. Since the outbreak, the untried had drifted elsewhere in search of a living. Only the old remain, to live out their days.ObjectivesThe bearings of the study areTo describe the social demographic of communityTo identify vectors and pestsTo comprehend health exploreing behaviourTo determine the housing conditionsTo understand food, nutrition and health aw arenessTo determine working environmentAnd to determine the noesis, attitude and practices on breakbone fever febricity among the community.methodological systemal analysis (Methods and Materials)The household group consisting of 15 members. We met up in the lead going to Bukit Pelandok in IMU to discuss our strategies and to plan ahead before the Bukit Pelandok visit. Household questions and objectives for the Bukit Pelandok visit was meticulously discussed and great care was poured into the formation of our questionnaire. The questionnaire was in the English language and pretested to make sure no discrepancies arose when certain terms were utilize. After countless hours of discussion we finally agreed on a descriptive cross-sectional study upon the target population which were the residents of Bukit Pelandok.Due to obvious time constraints, not to mention logistical ones, the art of the convenience sampling technique was called to the fore with households being identified as the basic unit of due analysis. The pursue was conducted over 2 working days around the 7 housing areas within a five kilometer radius which are as followsKampung SawahKampung PachitanKampung JawaKampung CinaKampung IndiaRumah Rakyat Taman Bayan or so of us were well conversant in English as well as the Malay language, and we were able to translate all of the questions confidently into Mandarin as well. As names and specific home addresses were not included as part and parcel of the questionnaire, we managed to obtain consent of participants as well as guaranteeing their anonymity and confidentiality of their responses in the survey.To display the results in an photogenic and efficient manner, descriptive statistics were employed in the formulation of the results which would be put under the results chapter. Formulation of results in this survey was done with the SPSS 18 architectural plan together with the dedication of the data entry and analysis team.The following is a brief summary of the studyStudy location Bukit Pelandok, Negeri SembilanStudy plosive 17-18 February 2011.Total population of Port Dickson 90 000 peopleTarget population Community in the 7 areas mentioned above.Sampling technique Convenience sampling techniqueSample coat 234Basic unit of analysis HouseholdStudy design Descriptive cross sectional studyStudy instruments Pre- write in coded and pretested questionnaires in the English language via impudence to face verbal oppugns. Data entry and analysis SPSS 18Operational definitionsResultsTable 2.2 above shows the literacy level of respondents. For the male population, 50 out of 79 males ,63.29 % are literate whereas for the female population, 108 out of 155, 69.68% are literate. Women have a higher literacy level than men it appears.Figure 2.3Figure 2.3 shows that the most common occupation of respondents are housewives, 108 out of 234, or 46.15%. the second most common occupation is the skilled manual/clerical which stands at 38 respo ndents, or 16.24%. Only 5 of the respondents were students, representing entirely a meager 2.14%.Figure 2.4Figure 2.4 shows that the most of the respondents have a monthly household income of around RM 1000-RM1999 which was 84 out of 234, 35.90%. There were 11 respondents, 4.70% who were of the highest income support (RM 5000)Figure 2.5Figure 2.5 above shows that majority houses in Bukit Pelandok are of the detached type, 65.81%.Figure 2.6Figure 2.6 shows that 53.2% of houses are made out of brick whereas 39.5% and 7.3% are made out of brick and wood, and wood respectively.Table 2.3 The Housing Characteristics of Respondents in Bukit Pelandok (n = 234)Table 2.3 shows that 97.9% of the houses have 24 hour availability of electricity whereas 98.7 % have availability of piped water supply. Garbage parade facility was low as only 46.2% of the houses had that facility. Availability of a proper sewage system was high too at 85.9%.231 out of 234 respondents did know where the nearest h ealth clinic was, a 98.7% majority of them. 219, 93.7% of them claim they will seek medical assistance if sick. 70.5% would choose the government clinic for medical assistance whereas 26.9% will go to seek medical assistance from a private clinic.DiscussionFrom Figure 2.3, the bar chart shows that a huge number of respondents are housewives. This is because the time we carried out the survey was during office working hours. Hence most respondents who were the most likely to be at home during this period of time tend to be housewives.From Table 2.3 more than half of respondents claim that they do not enjoy proper garbage collection privileges. When we asked more about garbage disposal practices in that area, we found out that about once a week, rubbish is brought to a place designated by the village chief (ketua kampung). There the rubbish is either burnt or buried. If villagers retrieve that this is a complicated process, they would burn or bury their own rubbish in their own backy ards.From Figure 2.4, the majority of respondents household income can be comprehended to be below the RM 2000 mark. Most of the residents of this area belong to the skilled/ unskilled manual field of profession as stated in the operational definitions, and so their income is lower.LimitationsWhile conducting the study, the survey team realized that we ran into some(prenominal) limitations. That was inevitable. And we will list it down below.The first limitation encountered by our team was the coverage in the area of our study. A limited area makes it difficult for any study to be effectively correlated and to allow for generalizations to be made.Certain questions in the survey were not specific for respondents such as the awareness of job related risks. If the head of household is not there to answer the questionnaire, the respondent might not be able to give a very accurate answer. Therefore certain conclusions about the population of Bukit Pelandok could not be accurately deri ved.There were variations between the way interviewers would ask the questions. Hence there might be a slight discrepancy between explanations of questions and answers from one interviewer to another. This means that the standardized understanding of questions by respondents would have been slightly affected.The reliability of the information provided by the respondents is very hard to verify also. We depend on truthful answers and had no concrete way to validate some(prenominal) the respondent answered. There were instances also where non responses were encountered.During the survey there were also noticeable language barriers between interviewers and respondents. There was an instance where an Indian lady could only put across well in Mandarin, hence the Malay interviewers would have had a real difficult time if not for his Mandarin-speaking partner.ConclusionBukit Pelandok is an area where the residents put more trustingness in western medicine and most of them will seek medic al treatment and advice from the Government Health Clinic. Local authorities need to beef up their services and improve garbage collection facilities among this area to check air pollution which results from open burning.ReflectionsI feel that this project has taught me some very important lessons and even practical skills, for example, in the entering and formulation of graphs and tables by the SPSS 18 broadcast. This will help me in my future career as a medical doctor in the world of medical presenting, teaching and learning.This project also gave me an experience of conducting a household survey together with my batch mates, we learnt how to delegate and postulate out our respective responsibilities as a team. We also managed to learn from our mentors on how to facilitate this type of household survey search.Section III-Research ReportAbstractThe objectives of this research survey conducted were to investigate the social status of the community and the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on breakbone fever among rural communities in Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. Convenient sampling was used as time was a major limiting circumstanceor. 234 and 250 people participated in the household and research survey respectively. Participants age were 18 years old and above, had the ability to converse and communicate in the Malay, English, and Mandarin language, resided permanently in the area, and holding a Malaysian citizenship. In our survey, we used a pretested, precoded, and well structured questionnaire in the English language for data collection via a face to face interview with participants.IntroductionAccording to the WHO, the Dengue virus is transmitted through infected Aedes mosquitos with any single one of four dengue viruses when it bites a human being. This virus is more prevalent in the tropical and sub-tropical areas on Earth. After an infective bite, symptoms buzz off presenting within the next 3-14 days. As the name dengue fever implies, it is a febrile illness that affects humans in all stages of life be it infants, young children or adults.The symptoms present with a wide range from a mild fever, to an immobilizing high fever, which is usually accompanied by severe headaches, muscle, joint distract and the occasional bout of rashes. Up to the present day, sadly, there are still no specific antiviral medicines to battle dengue. Hydration is of utmost importance when managing a patient with dengue fever. Aspirin or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended for the treatment of dengue fever.The most widely feared complication is the dengue haemorrhagic fever which is accompanied with fever, abdominal pain, bleeding and vomiting. It is potentialityly lethal and usually this complication affects children. Prompt clinical diagnosis and meticulous clinical management by see doctors and nurses usually increase the rate of survival of patients.Over the past decade, dengue has emerged as one of the most com mon mosquito-borne viral disease among humans. On a global scale, an estimated 2.5 billion people reside in areas where the dengue viruse can be easily transmitted. From a geographical point of view, the spread of both the vectors (Aedes mosquito) and the dengue viruses has led to a resurgence globally of an epidemic dengue fever. Together with this epidemic, there is emergence of the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the past suck up of the century.The main vector of dengue is the Aedes aegypti there are four different but related viruses that cause dengue. The recovery from infection by one type will provide lifelong immunity only against that particular serotype. In other words, it means a human being can be infected by another serotype of dengue virus for a subsequent time.Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever was first identified during the 1950s in the Philippines and Thailand when those two countries experienced dengue epidemics. Around 1970, about nine countries had witnessed the DHF ep idemic and continues to rise in our present day. All four dengue viruses are endemic in the Americas and Asia and has become one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortalities among children in a few of their countries.Until now, vector control is the most widely used method for the dengue and DHF bar. broad(a) research on dengue vaccines are still being conducted.Literature Review.A number of literary productions reviews provided me with a very handy guide to the socio-demography and KAP regarding dengue among the community of Bukit Pelandok, Negeri Sembilan. Since i had limited time to conduct the research, the literature reviews gave me an overview and acted as a stepping stone to getting the research report together. Even for professionals, literature reviews are useful reports that keep them updated about what is watercourse in their field.4 diarys from the internet and online journal communities were reviewed before writing this report. This included studies on KAP among the adult population in Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar. The quality of the journals was merely acceptable as most of them used convenience sampling. Only one journal used a cross sectional multistage sampling, this was the journal regarding Dengue-related Knowledge among Caregivers in Myanmar.From these journals, the group conducting the research managed to fine tune the questions in the questionnaire that was used so that the answers would be helpful and informative.According to the journal by Dr Farizah Hairi, out of all of the 200 respondents surveyed in Kuala Kangsar, only one had never heard of dengue. And the main source of information came from the television or radio. 88.5 % of the of the respondents thought that the cause of dengue was mosquitoes whereas only 2.5% knew it was the dengue virus to be exact. Out of these 200 respondents, only 91 could name Aedes as the type of mosquito that could transmit the dengue virus.The knowledge on the Aedes mosquito was quite poor. Only 25 percent of the respondents were able to mention that covering the stored water as a prevention method. The costly tidings was that 192 (96%) of the respondents understood that presence of Aedes larvae in their residence was against the law. The practice of dengue control , the most common forms of prevention were using mosquito coils together with insecticides. Majority of respondents (96%) did dispense the dengue virus as a very serious disease. All of the 200 respondents stated that they would seek treatment if they were infected with dengue. Out of the 200, 192 which is a large proportion felt that prevention was better than cure.90.5% of the respondents support classmes or activities which are organized by the health authorities targeted at the elimination of Aedes mosquitoes. 91% of respondents too felt it was justified to punish those guilty of harbouring Aedes larvae in their residence. Based on the type of scoring system used which was described in the met hodology of that particular journal, 68.5% of respondents possessed good knowledge of dengue and Aedes, whereas 91.5% had a positive attitude towards dengue control. What was disappointing was that only 51.5% of respondents actually adopted measures to prevent and control dengue and its vector.Research QuestionThe following is the main research question that all the questions in the questionnaire are helping to answer.What is the current level of knowledge, attitudes practices for prevention of the Dengue virus among the semi-urban community?ObjectivesGeneral objectiveTo assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue among the Bukit Pelanduk community.Specific ObjectivesTo determine the level of knowledge of the topical anaesthetic communities on DengueTo appraise the attitude of the local communities towards DengueTo describe the practices taken by the local community to prevent Dengue infectionMethodologyFor the KAP of dengue research survey, we used a cross-sectional stu dy in Bukit Pelandok. Type of sampling used was convenience sampling.The sample size of the study was targeted at 250, we managed to hit that mark.A pre-tested and well structured questionnaire on KAP of Dengue was used.The household survey was carried out within the range of a 5 km radius around the Bukit Pelanduk Health Clinic which included-Kampung Chuah-Kampung Sawah-Kampung Pachitan-Kampung Cina-Rumah Rakyat-Taman BayanFrom the 14th to the 16th of February 2011, we did some brainstorming to finalise the topic and questions. After that we sent the questionnaires for printing. 2 members of the group were sent to Bukit Pelandok to check out the area before the day we went to conduct the research.We then had to divide determine the criteria of interviewees which would be fit for selection to answer the questionnaires. The criteria the interviewees must fulfil is that they be above 18 years old, a resident of that household, and a Malaysian citizen.Our questionnaire had 4 main compo nents which included socio-demographics, knowledge, attitude and practices.The medium used to conduct the interview were the Malay, English, and Mandarin language.On the 17th to 18th of February 2011, we proceeded to the execution of the research study. We divided the research group into 13 pairs. On the 1st day, we covered areas within base on balls distance, which was as far as up to Kampung Cina and Kampung Sawah.The 2nd day , we were dropped off by group members who had cars and managed to cover further areas as far as up to Taman Bayan and Chuah.As like the previous household survey, there was a constitute emphasis placed on obtaining consent from respondents of the survey as well as maintaining their anonymity and confidentiality of any of their responses to the survey.The descriptive statistics program, SPSS 18, was employed in the formulation of the results of the survey. The SPSS 18 greatly helped in data entry together with analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was used t o prove the validity of the collected data unless otherwise stated.The scoring system used is as follows.Knowledge 10 vital questions 7 correct wakeless knowledgeAttitude 6 vital questions 4 Yes GOOD attitudePractice 7 vital questions 4 Yes GOOD practiceThere were some protocols that we followed to reduce bias or error while conducting the interview. We did our best to avoid suggestive questions, and the questionnaire was pretested among our own group members. There was a briefing held to convey the standardisation of questioning. House trysts were done to prevent overlap and we tried our best to extensive coverage of Bukit Pelandok. Our group also double checked the SPSS data after input.ResultsSocio demographic dataGenderFigure 3.1 shows the gender of respondents .60.4% and 39.6% were female and male respectively out of 250 respondents.Age groupFigure 3.2 shows the age group of the respondents, a majority, 40.4% were middle aged.EthinicityFigure 3.3 shows theMalay ethnicity is59.6%, the majority.Figure 3.4 shows the educaLiterature Review Methods Of computer virus ProtectionLiterature Review Methods Of Virus Protection data processor viruses are most unfavorable area in computer science. All computer users in the world are suffering from this threat. Viruses reproduce themselves and spread through computer to computer as well as network to network. There are some antivirus bundle and some best practices to prevent from computer viruses. As well as this literature review contains the present situation of computer viruses, nurseion from computer viruses and how new antivirus computer software performs on computer viruses.endabstractsectionIntroductionThe only secure computer is one thats unplugged, locked in a safe and buried 20 feet under the ground in a secret locationDennis Huges, FBI bulge outsloppyparendsloppyparThe above statement shows the current security situation of computers and the role computer viruses play in computer world. take offs loppyparendsloppyparComputer virus is a program that can execute itself with the help of another infected viable program without knowledge of computer user and infect to computer. Viruses usually copy itself in current host and another new host also. So generally viruses are infecting to viable files. Some kinds of viruses only reproduce itself within the current host and from the current host to another host and spread in the host. Those are harmless than viruses that damage to the computer program, activities and data in the computer. vexsloppyparendsloppyparBut there are some other malicious software other than the viruses. Those are called malware. These malicious software can spread without help of possible program. producesloppyparendsloppyparComputer viruses are also computer programs. So anyone who has a personal computer can create a virus program with few lines of codes. This means birth places of viruses are widely available. Also a virus is activated in host computer the infection can spread through network (LAN or Internet) to other computers. drawsloppyparendsloppyparVirus attaches itself to other program and spreads with them. Most of the time virus attaches to possible program, when the infected executable program is running then virus is also executing behind that process. Also computer viruses can infiltrate to operate system. So all operating systems like MS Windows, PC Dos, Unix and Macintosh OS have probability to infect with viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparSome viruses do some destruction as soon as they enter a system. But some of others are programmed to lie dormant until activate by some signal. The signal may be mouse click, specific date, time or specific common sequence of keystrokes. As an example the famous Michelangelo virus, it is set to activate his birthday March 6.beginsloppyparendsloppyparProtecting the computers from the malicious software is the most challenging thing. But there are many ways to comfort the comput ers from computer viruses. Although there are lots of methods to protect the computers from viruses, the computer users also have a responsibility to protect the computers from computer viruses. From the next section of review is considered about different types of Malware. boot1newpagesectionDifferent types of MalwareThere are different types of Malware spread in computer world. But it can mainly identified as follow.beginperiodize distributor point Viruses peak Wormsitem Trojan Horsesitem Logic Bombend countbeginfigurehparincludegraphicsbb =0 0 100 325 virus.pngcaptionMalware Growth by Year bear on10parendfigurenewpagesubsectionVirusesVirus is block of executable code that is attached itself to another executable program by attaching external code, overwriting or replacing of the executable program code. When the computer user execute the infected program the automatically activate virus also by executing the hide block of code. This is the way how virus is infected to computer without knowing of user. But viruses get help from computer user to spread in his machine.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThere are some(prenominal) types of viruses they are categorized into various categories according to the way how they infect to system and what part of system is. Figure1 shows how Malware growth with year. It clearly show increase of Malware in year by year. cite1,5beginitemizeitem Boot sector virusesitem Macro virusesitem File infecting virusesitem Polymorphic virusesitem Stealth virusesitem Multi-partite virusesitem Resident virusesitem ally virusesitem FAT virusesenditemizesubsubsectionBoot sector virusesBoot sector viruses are infected to the boot sector of computer otherwise master boot record of computer. Boot sector viruses are very difficult to detect because the master boot sector is the first thing loaded when computer started. So if this virus effect to computer, the virus get fully control of the machine.beginsloppyparendsloppyparWhen boot sector virus infect to computer, they first scat or replace the original boot code with infected boot code. Then the original boot code move to another sector of on disk and labeled that part as bad sector. So it will not use in future. The important thing is 75 per cent of viruses attacks are reported from boot sector viruses. The main and only way computer can infected with this virus is boot computer using infected disk. So some modern anti-virus software is designed to check infected disk, when boot using disk and before boot strap is loaded.cite1,2subsubsectionMacro virusesIn deliberation large virus is virus that is crated using big language. Macro language built into software such as word processor. So macro viruses propagate with applications which are used macros. In most of the time macro viruses infected with MS Office Word,MS Office Excel. However many of windows applications have to potential infected macro viruses too.beginsloppyparendsloppyparBecause some applications allow m acro program to be embedded in documents. So when the document is opening the macro run automatically. Also macro viruses spread rapidly because of peoples share data, documents and also use internet to get data and email document. Therefore Microsoft suggests opening file without macros or user can verify there is no damage macro with the document. But these methods are also not worked at all macro viruses.cite2,3subsubsectionFile infecting viruses File infecting viruses are infected to flies, and sometime they are allocated memory of computer. Files infecting viruses are infected with executable files, but most of the time it infect to executable files with extensions .COM, .EXE and .OVL.beginsloppyparendsloppyparConsider with boot sector viruses these are easy to detect. If the file infecting virus infects to some document, usually it increases the size of the file. Therefore Anti-virus software can detect those viruses using that feature.cite1subsubsectionPolymorphic virusesPoly morphic viruses are change there appearance in each time when it infect to computer. So it is very difficult to detect theses type of viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparPolymorphic viruses also block of programming code, so they are encrypting there code using different algorithms every time they attack to system. Some polymorphic viruses can assume over two billion different guises. Therefore anti-virus software should make with good algorithmic scanning techniques instead of simple string based scanning techniques.cite1,4subsubsectionStealth virusesStealth virus is a virus that hides its track after infecting to system. These types of viruses also try to hide from operating system and Anti-virus software. Therefore stealth viruses always stay in memory then they can intercept all attempts to use the operating system.Therefore these viruses waste memory available for user and hide it form both user and Anti-virus software. It hides changes it creates to files, directory structure an d operating system also.beginsloppyparendsloppyparWhen detected theses type of viruses using Anti-viruses software, then first it should disable the virus before correct the memory location in memory because stealth viruses also stay in memory.cite1,6subsubsectionMulti-partite virusesMulti-partite viruses infect both boot sector and executable program. Therefore this type of virus very difficulty detected.cite1subsubsectionResident viruses lasting viruses reside in the RAM.cite7subsubsectionCompanion virusesThese are working like resident viruses or direct action viruses.subsubsectionFAT virusesThese infect to the file allocation table.subsectionWormsWorms is a self-replicating computer malware type. It spread copy of itself to other host using computer network. Worms different than viruses how the reproduce and spread. It was known viruses want host program or boot sector to activate it need file transfer (infected file) to another computer to spread to it. But worms did not want a ny host files to execute and they can execute independently and spread using network. Therefore they normally find addresses to propagate and they pick addresses in three ways,beginitemizeitem Randomly generate addressesitem Find addresses in system tablesitem Find addresses in a programenditemizebeginsloppyparendsloppyparThe threat of worms is equivalent to that of viruses. Computer worms can damage and destroyed some important files and it can crash critical programs to stop working sometime. The very prominent examples of worms are the MS-Blaster and Sasser worms.cite1,2,8subsectionTrojan horsesTrojan horses are distractive programs that hide in some valuable and useful software in internet. Some time worms and viruses hide within Trojan horses. The different between virus an Trojan hours is Trojan did not spread itself.beginsloppyparendsloppyparNormally Trojan hours spread into two parts those are client side and server side. When the client Trojan executes in computer the serve r the attacker otherwise server can get high level control of the client computer.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThe Trojan hours spread in several ways, most of the time with infected electronic mail attachment. Also virus developers use some chat program like Yahoo messenger, Skype to spread these Trojans.beginsloppyparendsloppyparCommonly there are several types of Trojan horses like remote access Trojan, password sending Trojan, key loggers, destructive Trojan, FTP Trojan and proxy Trojan.cite1,9subsectionLogic bombThe logic bomb virus is a piece of code that are inputted into a software system. When a certain and specific condition is met, such as clicking on an internet browser or opening a particular file, the logic bomb virus is set off. Many programmers set the malicious virus off during days such as April Fools Day or Friday the 13th. When the virus is activated, then various activities will take place. For example, files are permanently deleted.cite1,10newpagesectionHow virus es spreadVirus is one kind of malicious software which does some kind of harm to the activities of the computer. They always need a host program or any executable program to be executed its code. As viruses cannot execute its code by itself, the virus has to get the help of another file. Because of this reason, the viruses can effect only to several kinds of files such as html files with JavaScript, word documents and spread sheets. As the files with the extension .gif, .jpg,.wav,.mp3 files considered as pure data files, a virus cannot do a harm to these files.beginsloppyparendsloppyparWhat the viruses do to spread is copying its code to another executable file. Then when that executable file is executed by another person the code of the virus is also executing and it then starts to search for files it can reside in the same computer or in the other computer which has been connected to the computer. Then the newly attacked programs are also trying to search for files which it can at tack. If the infected file sends to another computer by a dismissible media, the computer virus infects to that computer too.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThere are number of ways which a virus can enter into a computer. Most of the time viruses are spreading through the internet. As creation of viruses is rapidly increasing and internet is everyplace available, spread of the computer viruses has increase more and more. Computer viruses are coming to the computer with e-mails in e-mail attachments. When the user opens the e-mail, the computer virus enters into the computer and grows in the computer. Another way of entering a virus into a users computer is by downloading something from some web sites. Through floppy disks or another removable media, it is possible for a virus to enter into a computer.cite1sectionWhat the computer viruses and other malicious software can and cannot dobeginitemizeitem use up disk space by the computer viruses in vain.item Delete or modify the content of the infected files.item Interrupt to some operations of the infected computer.item present some messages or images.item Decrease the performance of the computer.item Block the computer networks.item Do not do any harm to the ironware components that are connected to the computer.enditemizesectionProtection from computer virusesOnce a computer infects with some computer viruses, the computer users cannot identify whether a computer virus has entered into the computer or computer system as some computer viruses are in idle mode for some period of time. The computer users can know that a computer virus has entered into the computer only by looking at the evidence of the destruction they have done. So the computer users must always consider about the safety of their computer before a virus do some destruction to the computer.beginsloppyparendsloppyparAs most of the computer users are now aware of the computer viruses, they specially pay their attention to limit the chance for a comput er virus to enter into their computer. By just installing an anti virus software the users cannot give the responsibility of defend the computer from computer viruses only to the anti virus software programs. The computer users also have the responsibility of protecting the computer from computer viruses. Although most of the computer users trust and use an anti virus software to protect their computers from computer viruses, there are best practices which should be followed by the computer users.beginitemizeitem When downloading software or any other thing from web sites the users should always be careful to download them from reliable web sites.item As viruses can come with e-mail attachments when the computer user checks the e-mails, messages from unknown contacts should not be opened.item If the user is logging into the computer with admin privileges, the chance to be infected by some computer viruses or malware is great than the user log into the computer with user privileges . As some viruses cannot enter into the computer when the user logged as a user, log into the computer with user privileges is safer.item Restrict the other users from write privilege is another option.item Put passwords that cannot be easily guessed by another person.item Backup data.item Use only trusted software.enditemizebeginsloppyparendsloppyparHow much the company or person has to pay for an anti virus software, today most of the computer users are used to get the service of an anti virus software as the data are worth than the amount they pay to protect their computer or computer system. So installing an anti virus software program has become the most popular and reliable method of protecting from computer viruses. cite14newpagesubsectionComputer virus protection with anti virus software programsAs computer viruses are available everywhere in the world, the better way to protect the systems is installing an anti virus software in them. Because of that reason, there are lots of anti virus software providers to provide their services to the customers. Various anti virus software providers are providing their service to the customers in various ways. They are client pull method, provider push with consent method, subscription method and care taking method.beginsloppyparendsloppyparClient pull method After a request from the client or customer for the service of an anti virus software, the service provider provides their service to the client. In this method as its name said, client should take the initiative to get the service.beginsloppyparendsloppyparProvider push with consent method The service providers sends email notification about their product and then the customers download the anti virus software and install it on the computer.beginsloppyparendsloppyparSubscription method The client agree to an agreement with the service provider. In this method when the vendor updates the anti virus software, the updates will automatically downloaded into t he customers computer.beginsloppyparendsloppyparCare taking method In this method none of the individual computer user should not do anything to protect the computer from viruses. The service provider provides the service as a whole.beginsloppyparendsloppyparThe mechanisms used by various kinds of anti virus programs to detect a computer virus is not able to catch all the viruses or not able to not to catch the non virus things. Traditional anti virus software used two methods to detect a computer virus.cite15,16subsubsectionString coordinated techniqueSome anti virus providers stored the codes of the computer viruses in a virus dictionary and when performing a scan, the anti virus software searches the scanning file for a piece of code from the virus dictionary. If a matching character is met, then the anti virus software detects that file as a shady file and alerts the user saying there is a suspicious file in the computer.beginsloppyparendsloppyparBut if a virus creator create s and release a new computer virus, as the code of that virus is not available in the virus dictionary, the anti virus program is not able to detect that virus. So the anti virus software which use this technique cannot guarantee that all the computer viruses can be detected by itself.cite17subsubsectionDetecting a virus by monitoring the port of the programThe anti virus programs which use this technique is monitoring the behavior of the scanned program and if there is an unusual behavior, the anti virus program detect it as an infected program and report it to the user.beginsloppyparendsloppyparBut if the anti virus software detect a non infected program as an infected program and after reporting it to the user if the user deletes it from the computer, a problem arise.beginsloppyparendsloppyparAlthough the anti virus software can be trusted, there are some fake anti virus software which do not provide a protection against computer viruses. They have created only with the objectiv e of earning money from the computer users by intruding them. Because of this reason, the computer users also have the ability to download and install only the trusted anti virus software.cite17subsectionAntivirus software ratingThe latest antivirus software rates in the world.cite11beginitemizeitem BitDefender Antivirus 2010 This provides a great security, simple usability, effective use of resources, and a valuable pricetag and provides up to date technologies to combat viruses and other malware.Active virus control is the latest technology they are looking for to give a great security by always observing the behavior of a file. cite19item Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 All around protection from number of threats like viruses, Trojans, bots, worms, and spyware. This is more easy to use as it has created with user friendly navigations. cite20item Webroot AntiVirus with SpySweeper 2010 A comprehensive desktop anti virus package which is used a multi-layered approach.Webroot AntiViru s with Spy Sweeper also features proactive technology to find malware before it does any harm to the computer. cite21item Norton AntiVirus 2010 neat protection level against malware but a problem arises when uninstalling the software as its partial ninstallation. This uses traditional signature based detection mechanism to detect malware. cite22item ESET Nod32 Antivirus 4 Kind of desktop anti virus software. But this doesnt provide a complete security and misses some protection. This is not in the competition with other anti virus software. cite23item AVG Anti-Virus 9 Includes antivirus and antispyware protection. provides complette protection from harmful downloads and web cites. cite24item F-Secure Anti-Virus 2010 peachy desktop anti virus. Has one of the most effective scan procedure and test results are shown to prove that. When installing this anti virus software, it has been automatically set up to remove the other anti virus software installed to the computer. cite25it em G DATA AntiVirus 2011 Uses two distinct antivirus scanning engines, behavioral/ trial-and-error protection, and even self-learning fingerprinting.This provides protection against malware spreading via emails and IM. The types of malware which are detected by this anti virus software are,phishing scams, dialers, adware, malicious scripts, Trojans, rootkits and worms. cite26item Avira AntiVir Premiumitem Trend Micro AntiVirus + AntiSpywareenditemizesectionCryptography and virusesCryptography is technique use to safe some data from other unauthorized people. Most of the time this is used when transfers data from computer to another one. But the problem is virus programmers also use this technique to their viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparIn cryptanalytics there are different kind of cryptography methods available but most of the time the programmer who create viruses use symmetric single key cryptography. Actually what happen in cryptography is data encrypt using key and send tha t encrypted data to recipient then recipient decrypt and get original data using the key. This method is so safe because the encrypted data can not anyone understand.beginsloppyparendsloppyparNormally anti-virus program detect virus using the code of the virus. If there any virus with encrypted code then anti virus software can not identify those viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparVirus creators using cryptography, they encrypt the code of the virus. So some viruses change their aspects moment to moment and system to system but the key is same but is encrypted with virus code. So the virus is safe from anti-virus software, till the code is encrypted.beginsloppyparendsloppyparBut some cryptography viruses keep their key in remove places instead of keep with the same file. So good anti virus software can detect the places which keys are stored. Then it can decrypt the virus code and delete it.beginsloppyparendsloppyparTherefore computer system is protected some operating system develo pers keep the system fies as encrypted. So even though, there are some advantages and the facilities in using cryptography systems to be it prctically applicapable in virus preventation more advanced features of cryptography should be applied.cite13newpagesectionConclusionAs computer usage and internet usage is increasing in the modern world, the computer virus creation and the computer virus infection has become a common thing. Computer viruses can destroy a whole computer system or computer network within few seconds. But for any kind of company, the data they have should have confidentiality, integrity and availability. But sometimes those three things will be lost by the computer viruses. So most of the computers users are now try to avoid from the computer viruses.beginsloppyparendsloppyparBut computer virus infection has become so common thing because of the unawareness and the careless of the computer users about computer viruses. If the computer is attacked by a computer vir us, the computer users do not do the correct thing to avoid spreading the virus to the other computers. That is why the computer viruses are spreading all over the world quickly. If a new computer virus is found from a users computer, the anti virus software providers are unable to provide a solution to the problem before it spread everywhere. The computer user has great responsibility to not to let a computer virus enter into the computer. To mitigate the destruction, this can happen to the computer from computer viruses,beginitemizeitem Aware the computer users about computer viruses.item Backup the data.item Put passwords which cannot easily guess by the outsiders.item Not to give write permission to the other persons.item Do not open suspicious e-mails from unknown contacts.item Download and use only the recommended software.item Install an anti virus software.item Always keep the anti virus database up to date.item Use only the recommended anti virus software.enditemizebeginslo ppyparendsloppyparAs computer users are now searching for the best anti virus software which can give the best protection to their computers from computer malware, the anti virus market has grown and saturated with various kinds of anti virus software. But the problem is that though there are more anti virus software with the target of providing a better protection virus creators are more powerful than anti virus program creators. They encrypt the code of the computer virus so that any of the anti viruses cannot detect that computer virus.beginsloppyparendsloppyparConsidering all the fact we can come to a conclusion that any of the computer in the world cannot be there with no virus attack and any of the computer virus protection methods cannot eradicate the computer viruses from the computer forever.newpagebeginthebibliographywidest entrybibitem1 McAfee,emphAn Introduction to Computer Viruses and other Destructive Programs,Available at http//www.mcafee.com/common/media/vil/pdf/av_w hite.pdfbibitem2 Markus Hanhisalo,emphcomputer Viruses,Available athttp//www.tml.tkk.fi/Opinnot/Tik-110.501/1997/viruses.html 1.Introduction% 20to% 20Computer% 20Virusesbibitem3 Top Bits,2010, http//www.topbits.com/types-of-computer-viruses.htmlbibitem4 Spamlaws,2009,emphUnderstanding the Polymorphic Virus,Available at http//www.spamlaws.com/polymorphic-virus.htmlbibitem5 Ward Takamiya,Jocelyn Kasamoto,emphAn Introduction to Computer Virusesbibitem6 Spamlaws,2009,emph maculation the Stealth Virus,Available athttp//www.spamlaws.com/stealth-virus.htmlbibitem7Spamlaws,2009, emphUnderstanding the Resident Virus,Available athttp//www.spamlaws.com/resident-virus.htmlbibitem8 Top Bits,2010http//www.topbits.com/computer-worm.htmlbibitem9 Top Bits,2010http//www.topbits.com/trojan-virus.htmlbibitem10 Top Bits,2010,http//www.topbits.com/logic-bomb.htmlbibitem11 emphAntiVirus Software Review ,http//anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/bibitem12 emphComputer knowledge virus tutorial,Avai lable atwww.cknow.combibitem13 Charles P. 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