Service Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Service Management - Assignment ExampleThe author illustrates the relationship between the named variables using twain case studies. The conclusion was that cultural differences between the tourist and the operator greatly influence the supply cosmic string management in this industry. As such, training was needed in order to enhance the cultural skills of the touristry operator in order to rectify the process (Koblun, 2011).Basically, this article is trying to point out the particular that cultural greatly influences the tourism industry. This is true especially in the 21st century where various cultures ar converging together due to globalization effects (Reisinger, 2009). It is also true that the best way to improve performance is through training as it will enhance intercultural communication skills that can be utilise in the supply chain management (Wahab, 2001).From the presented data, the confirmed link from the service performance network includes leadership-strategy-p rocess-services-client satisfaction-retention and loyalty-financial performance. However, a link that involves staff satisfaction and anything related to the consumers such as retention loyalty and attraction become not yet been confirmed (Johnston, Clark & Shulver, 2012).All this comes due to the positive linear correlations between sales per unbent meter, share of grocery budget, customer satisfaction and customer referral. All these show that customer loyalty and customer satisfaction is high. The same also illustrates that service value and output quality is high. The named organization has a nature based on excellent services, which is the reason why customer satisfaction and referral is high.Nevertheless, there is a forbid linear correlation between employee turnover, referral, satisfaction, style of supervision and operating ratio. Since these are indicators of employee loyalty, employee service capability and employee

Play Experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Play Experiences - Essay role modelMuch of a childs early development is gained though gyp. Though to children, play is in the first place a source of fun but is important to note that play is a fundamental discipline process. According to children, play is just but a fun tool which takes many forms and aimed at achieving pleasure. It is the pleasure driven from plays which acts as the driving force behind the repetitiveness nature of plays. With repetition in the play comes mastery which brings a greater degree of confidence and accomplishment of the acts. Depending on the personalized needs and circumstances, children engages in a range of plays which include solitary, onlooker, parallel, and associative. These types of plays atomic number 18 conducted in items which serve as the complexity stages of play. The initial stage in a play is the sensory exploration manipulation. This takes symbolic form of play done heading invention and transformation (Palmer, 2001, p.84). Pl ay proves a childs growth done development of interpersonal, communication, and psycho-motor sciences. through play, children develop cognitive skills as they learn more objective classification skills, problem solving techniques, ideal development and creation of sense out of events or things. The development of cognitive skills is made possible through trial and error act of play commonly practiced by children. Besides, cognitive skills are acquired in the play through goal planning and decisions made by children while playing. The other essential skill developed through play is the motor skills. Through plays, a child may develop coordination and attend of muscles which are important in writing, walking, eating and kicking. Plays involving talking, rhyming, singing, or word play help the children to master the sounds and rules of linguistic communication as they enjoy the fun of playing, hence enhancing their language skills. Through play, children gain emotional and aff c ompetent skills which are essential tools in education (Palmer, 2001, p.48). Play helps in developing creativity and imagination. It also helps children to acquire social skills like negotiation, cooperation, sharing, expression of emotions, and taking turns. As a child learns about himself/herself and the real world, she/her acquires self-reliance, self-confidence, and self-expression. Home learning patterns Parents could describe the learning patterns of the students as a foundation for future generations. The home based curriculum sets to enhance the education community. It gives a guideline to what needs to be learned by the students as they go through the learning curriculum. With respect to the product model of looking at running programs, parents will be able to assist in defining the individual students with respect to their strengths. It is a classical model in the come on of understanding the curriculum. The curriculum utilizes this model in achieving basic amenities that will assist the students. With the help of this model, the educational system develops a curriculum with a detailed description of the contents of teaching, or syllabi. The teachers are expect to deliver to their pupils through teaching. The model originates from the Classical Tylerian educational rationale, which relates the learning process and teaching as a linear casual relationship (Palmer, 2001, p.95). Countries apply this model in development as it links pre-determined educational objectives to the appropriate sections, which will bring out relevant methods of teaching with the qualities of students and teachers.

What is a good parent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is a good kindle - Essay ExampleChildren need to be loved unconditionally by their parents so that they do non look for love outside home.Children who are brought up in harsh environment can send away up having violent and hostile behavior. A good parent should make sure that the health of their shaverren is in good condition. Children should be provided with nutritious food and exercise to maintain excellent physical status. Children also should be taught healthy eating habits to ensure that they do not end up ruining their health with baffling foods. An ideal parent also should ensure the safety of their children by introducing them with clean and safe habits. Parents should also release considerable freedom to their children, so that they do not feel pressured or forced in to things.normally children consider their parents as their role model and absorb their habits and living pattern. So it is very essential for parents to face right behavior in front of their ripenin g children. Parents should always show concern and interest for their children and embroil in their life extensively .Parents should not be too strict with children they need to feel pull in approaching parents at any case. Parents should also realise due respect to the privacy of their growing up children. A good parent also is a good friend to their children. A child should be able to share their problems with their parents and this is possible only if parents love, affectionate and understanding. Parents should not argue or switch fights in front of their children as it could lead to mental stress among children.Parents should also be careful to distract favoritism among children as this can lead to revenge and grudge among siblings. It is important to be fair and rightful(prenominal) to children in order to avoid contempt and discomfort in the mind of a child. Parents should not give away too much financial allowance to children as they can end up indulge in

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Contract law - Essay ExampleThis is the rationale of promissory estoppel and in its modern form it is based on the dicta of Denning J in the Central capital of the United Kingdom Property case (Central London Property Trust Ltd V. High Trees House Ltd) and the decision of the House of Lords in the Tool Metal case (Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd V. Tungsten Electric Co Ltd ).In Williams v. Roffey, Roffey had a contract to refurbish a block of flats. He wedge-contracted the carpentry report to Williams, who after the commencement of the hammer came to realize that he had underestimated its cost and as a result, he was placed in financial difficulties. Roffey, realizing that the fiddle would not be completed on time and that this would result in the breach of a penalisation clause in their main contract with the owner, agreed to pay Williams an extra payment per flat (Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Limited).Williams completed the work on these flats but did not r eceive full payment. He stopped work and brought in an action for damages. In the Court of Appeal, Roffey argued that Williams was only doing what he was contractually bound to do and had and wherefore not provided any consideration. It was held by the Court of Appeal that where a party to an existing contract subsequently agrees to pay an extra bonus in order to ensure that the other party performs his obligations under the contract, then that agreement is binding if the party agreeing to pay the bonus has thereby obtained some new practical utility or has avoided a disadvantage. In the present case, there were benefits to Roffey such as (a) making sure Williams go along his work, (b) avoiding payment under a damages clause of the main contract if Williams was late, and (c) avoiding the expense and trouble of sub contracting the work to someone else. Therefore, Williams was entitled to payment (Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Limited). In the CTN Cash case it w as

International marketing (report 1) Research Paper

International marketing (report 1) - Research Paper ExampleAccording to battleground in Australia website, most of the Australian population live in the narrow, fertile eastern coastal plain, and on the southeastern coast, which is favourable for surfriding (Study in Australia web). In addition, warm beaches in Australia attract surfing sporting activities.Surfing activity has certain geographical requirements. First, as much as surfers have to recrudesce skills to enable them ride on the gesticulates, it is required of them to have background knowledge on the topology of the place. That is the topography or service features present on the beach. In addition, they must be good swimmers and be apt to the ever-changing weather. Australian beaches have a considerable topology and depth that allow surfing. Secondly, Surfers seek out for beardown(prenominal) waves called s easilys, which are stable waves that form far away from the beach. A surfer must calculate his moves well not t o fall into the rocks as the wave breaks. Wind strength and fetch determines the strength of a swell. A fetch is a geographical term that predicts the stretch of open water over which the wind is blowing. Australian beaches have great fetches where water blows before reaching the land or the rocks. Additionally, reefs, sand bars, and narrow wave bases on the Australian beaches support this sorting activity especially for experienced surfers. It is dangerous for inexperienced surfers who essay being crashed upon a rock, reef, or being dumped far beneath the surface.At the coasts of Australia, the government has employed slightly game warders to enforce some coastal laws. Some of the laws related to surfboards include those restricting minors from run minor watercraft. Persons under 14 years are restricted from using watercrafts. Each person surfing or under a watercraft is required to wear a stipulated coast guard defensive devices like a life jacket. That is each surfer has to w ear a life jacket

Why World War 2 had the most importance in the 20th century Essay

Why World War 2 had the most grandeur in the 20th century - Essay ExamplePost Second World War, the belt of despotism became loose. Dictatorship had been a major cause that had led to the rise of the war. Additionally, the war did usher a flow of Atomic age. Utilization of the atomic bombs did indicate the advancing nature of weaponry in wars. It was the turning advert of many societal issues (Dorn, pg. 540).Many opportunities did erupt after the war, and any person who grabbed them did benefit greatly. Wo hands were the greatest achievers and beneficiaries. The symbolic representation of the women during the war period was Rosie the Riveter. She demonstrated the cleaning womans worth. She was a strong woman walked head racy with super self-esteem. She reversed the mentality that the place of a woman is in the kitchen. Women became a pause of the group involved in welfare. They did work as hard as men, and sometimes even harder than the way men did. They had skills to operate heavy machines (Sokoloff, pg. 315). The summation of the war ended up with a third of the women as part of the army fighters. During the war period, women were granted better privileges at work. They were the backbone of the economy. They could build and maintain heavy machinery, as well as operate them. They received a pay increase. The event was detrimental to the position of woman in the society.The African Americans were beneficiaries of the event. There was a down surge in the discrimination levels after the war. precedent to the war commencement, the whites detested any assistance from their black Americans counterparts. In fact, they did hang a big attain in their stores No Help Wanted. After the war, they changed it to Help Wanted. Many African Americans did secure a chew over and made them earn a decent living. The order from the American president in 1941 even coat a great path for the elimination of discrimination. The President made an order that four businesses lin ked with the politics should support racial equality. In the war, the black

The Eradication of Smallpox Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Eradication of Smallpox - Research topic ExampleThe present research has identified that since variola major was spread by air, it was very difficult to hold back it in congested human settlements such as cities. Not until the discovery of medical vaccination were public able to protect themselves against smallpox. While vaccination option remained controversial throughout, there is no doubt that it greatly helped contain the disease and save thousands of lives. The improvement in sanitary conditions in cities and hygiene levels in hospitals had besides contributed to controlling the disease. As statistics from Britains National Health Service shows, the first stage in the elimination of smallpox was achieved during the middle of last century, when virulent smallpox (variola) was replaced naturally in Britain by a milder type (alastrim), antigenically similar but with a much lower mortality (1 percent). This was then gradually eliminated by increased anxiety to isolation and contact tracing. However, the threat of smallpox s work on persisted as sporadic outbreaks of both these variants remained till the 1960s. But through a combination of vaccination, safety legislation and improvement in sanitary conditions, smallpox was completely eradicated from Europe and America by 1970. The World Health Organization was encouraged by the supremacy in advanced countries and attempted to replicate this success in the rest of the world. But the medical familiarity always had hope, for smallpox was an ideal candidate for eradication. For example, the immune system of the affected individual got boosted after about. Secondly, the computer virus was antigenically stable (unlike influenza) there were no carriers (unlike typhoid) or animal reservoirs (unlike malaria). To add to this, effective vaccines were being developed. And the medical association was also aware that robust control measures can be implemented to contain an emerging epidemic. So in the 1970s, a worldwide eradication drive was implemented. Surveillance-containment was the buzzword associated with this drive. This involved trained workers searching for cases, with rewards for those who effectuate them.

Personal and Professional Development Assignment - 7

Personal and Professional schooling - Assignment ExampleFrom this study it is clear thatthe most common approaches to self-managed learning include workshops, seminars and conferences, social networks, internet, and in-service trainings. It is contingent to learn through seminars, conferences and workshops because people use these forums for expressing their experiences and finding new ways of making changes for the future. Seminars, workshops, and conferences are efficacious in self-managed learning because they provide participants with opportunities for presenting their knowledge about various aspects to other people, who also learn new things from them.This essay declares that social networks provide additional forums for self-managed learning. Social networks include Facebook, Twitter, and My Year Book. People spend clipping chatting with friends and learning new inventions and information from others through their posts. The internet contains several articles written by v arious authors and on a variety of subjects, including accounting, management, economics, and marketing. The internet provides the most convenient source of information knowledge from the internet learners screw be transfer and put to practical applications at their workplaces. In-service trainings constitutes learning programs organizations plan, develop and administer to their employees. These programs are effective in self-managed learning because they are provided by the organization that exactly understands its needs and skill requirements.

Competitor Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competitor Analysis - Assignment idealWell, one must keep in mind that the competitor is also there to tap the commercialise for making profit and growing his business. Also, from the buyers/ consumers block of view, competition can be defined as the outstrip bargain offer grabbed by the customer.Perfect Competition This is an extreme case and is more of a opinion in which each competitor offers or seeks exactly a similar thing, as do the others. Theres null to differentiate one from the other and depending upon price one can be substituted with the other.From the strategic mean point of view, competitor analysis is very important for any companys long-term survival. There was a time yoke of decades ago when the management of one company used to make it sure that there be no mention of its rival during discussions as it would give unnecessary mileage to its rival. No more. Now the trend has converse and companies do much more research in understanding the rival and take pride in listing the advantages that their product has over the rivals. Competitor analysis has several important roles in strategic planningFrederick the Great said, It is pardonable to be defeated, but never to be surprised.1 This effectively meant - go to contend fully prepared i.e. know the competitor well. Therefore, by knowing our Competitors we may be able to shout out their next moves, exploit their weaknesses and respond to their strengths. We have selected TESCO as the company for our analysis because Tesco is UKs largest retailer, having around 1800 stores in UK exclusively and more than 2300 stores worldwide, with sort out sales crossing m 37,070 worldwide at the end of financial form 2005. An international retailer of food, non-food and retailing services, Tesco currently operates in the China, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and the UK. fresh figures from market research gro up TNS showed the group had boosted its share of the UK grocery market by 1.5% to 30.5%. One in every 8 is now spent in this supermarket giant, and its rising. Asda was second, with a 16.7% market share and Sainsburys third with 16.2%. The group is on a progressive path and some more announcements are due in the plan of attack months with Next Annual Report Due in May - 2006 and Next AGM on July 7th.Tesco is securing itself a situation in the top echelon of an elite group of international retail organizations identified by Professor Neil Wrigley of

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Essay - 6

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - shew ExampleFailure to have a fiscal plan go out always result in the organization being unable to meet its expenses whenever they arise (Berry, Jarvis, and Jarvis, 2005, p. 28).The success of any financial plan provide largely depend on the effective disseminate of culture to various decision makers within the organization. This is because it will ensure support and compliance among different stakeholders of the organization. It will also facilitate faster decision do which will ensure maximum utilization of business opportunities. Some of the key decision makers includeThe chief operating officer he/she is responsible for the overall performance of the organization. The most important information for the CEO is the budget forecasts and financial statements. This information serves the purpose of providing information related to organizational needs and the overall performance of the business.The CFO responsible for the allocation of the organization financial resources. The most important information for the CFO is the budget estimates because they present the financial needs of the organization.Other Employees they are responsible for the running of daily activities within the company. The most important information is the company strategic plan which will guide their actions to ensure that the organization achieves its goals.The first option is the take up among the three because the business will manage to get financing at no extra cost. The endorsement and third options are not attractive because they result in payment of interest and issuance of acquit respectively.Faulty arithmetic in the budget figures the errors include the errors of commission or duplication of financial figures. For instance, 22,500 whitethorn have been duplicated on either materials or direct labor.The occurrence of reality this is possible especially when in that respect is an occurrence of an event that

Marketing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing - Literature refresh Exampleliterature review will look at the effects of the product organization on the consumer behavior and how likely ar the product placement to change consumers mode of buying a certain commodity. It is crucial for mountain to make out how to use product placement positively (Johnson, 2009).Product placement is the use of diverse types of media to make people conscious of different products and services when they are entertained through watching. Its development dates back upto 1896, when it was used by Lumiere brothers in their short film washing day in Switzerland and they advertised soap. It was introduced by Henri Lavancy who was the film film director and publicist for the soap company but, it became popular in the 1930s when the sound movie was introduced. For example, in 1934 in the movie, It happened One Night, the star Clarke Gable featured bare chest and sale of mens shirts bring down therefore, use of the movie is a strong tool of pr oduct placement (Johnson, 2009).It gained popularity with the years, but in 1980s, it became more(prenominal) successful when the movie Extra Terrestrial by Steven Spielberg advertised Reese Pieces and increased its sales by 65%. The 80s was the turning point of product placement where there was a working league between the movies and the commercial sector. According to Mary-Lou, product placement is necessary because moviemakers need money for their movie issue therefore, they will turn to the commercial sector to provide the money and them to provide the services of product placement (Johnson, 2009).Product placement in Sweden developed in the 1990s when the real first commercial commenced, this was referable to strict government regulations on media operations. It has been embraced in the recent past, for example, where TV shows get sponsorship from the commercial sector in SVT. In Kanal 5, the home improvement show Room Service was sponsored Marlamastana which is the trading association of painters. To

Types of Erosion and Transportation of Materials by the River Essay

Types of Erosion and Transportation of Materials by the River - Essay specimenErosion takes place hand in hand with transportation. Transportation of veridicals in a drift or a river starts when urine overcomes friction. Material that has been set loose through erosion is then transported along the stream. at that place atomic number 18 three main processes by which wet in a stream or river transports material suspension, traction and saltation, and solution. Suspension occurs when material composed of the finest particles such as silt and clay is lifted by the turbulence of water and transported away. Rivers that are more turbulent and fast-flowing carry more suspension. This explains why a stream or river gets muddy towards its mouth. The velocity of the water is greater here.Traction and saltation occur when bigger particles are carried away. Saltation refers to when a material such as gravel and pebbles that are too heavy to be carried away in suspension are bounced along by the water force. Traction, on the other hand, occurs when larger material like boulders is pushed and rolled along the river or stream bed by the force of the water. The trinity process, solution, occurs when materials such as minerals and dissolving rocks dissolve in the water and are carried along. This happens mostly in areas whose geology is limestone with water that is slightly acidic. Stream capacity refers to the sum capacity of residue that a stream understructure move, transport, or carry. Water streams carry sediment. Different streams carry different amounts of sediment. This capacity depends on the velocity and volume of water that is being channeled. Stream competence, on the other hand, refers to the sedimentary particle size that a stream can move, transport, or carry. Again, each stream has its competency for the sedimentary particle size it can move by its velocity and volume. This competency changes with changes in velocity and stream volume. Such changes are caused by a figure of topography factors and seasonal flooding.

English-Drama Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English-Drama - engagement Exampleerican Dream does have some common elements such as a house, leisure meter and the natural result of average effort, yet each individual must realize that their idea of home(a) and their concept of leisure might be vastly different from another persons. Unless you know what the inhalation means to you, it remains impossible to attain, but many people fail to provide themselves with that clear palpate of definition. In his play, Death of a Salesman, playwright Arthur Miller presents the story of Willy Loman and his last ditch efforts to achieve the American Dream he envisions for himself and his family. This paper argues that Millers play illustrates the problem of fuzzy definition, discovers the actual elusiveness of the American Dream and that the play itself argues for an adjustment of our concepts of this term in favor of something more personal.Throughout Millers play, Willy Loman continues to compare himself to a vague notion he has of the American Dream. The idea of the house being an organic part of the Dream is brought in almost immediately as Willy observes to his wife Work a life history to pay off a house. You finally own it, and theres nobody to live in it (4). This statement reveals the emptiness Willy has found in the accomplishment of providing his family with a home of their own as his sons swot up to leave again. As Linda tries to soothe him, he reminds her some people accomplish something (4). By making this statement, he is indicating that simply owning a home and raising a family isnt enough to give him the sense of expiation hed thought hed have at this point in his life. Willys ideas are shown to be flawed as he talks with his boys in several memory scenes. In these scenes, he is seen to be attempting to inflate his own importance and the prestige of his job they know me boys, they know me up and down New England. The finest people. And when I bring you fellas up, therell be open sesame for all of

Women in the Middle Ages Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wowork force in the Middle Ages - look into Paper ExampleThe medieval world is said to be exceptionally customary. Ladies had zero part much to play in the nation on the loose. In the city, society would have effectively overseen what occupations a adult female could perform, and her part in a medieval society would have been to uphold her mate. And in addition doing her mundane chores, whether in a town or at home, a lady would have had numerous obligations concerning her play (Hanawalt 39). The duties played by women in this period were those that helped men to work harder or improve their efficiency. The responsibilities include about tasks like cooking for the man of the house. The women were expected to carry out this duty by the society to help men carry out their duties continuously. Men could now feel motivated as they did not macerate any time in the house doing jobs like preparing meals.Jobs are mostly believed to be available in the urban regions. Inside a town, lad ies would have done a significant number of the undertakings men did in the area. Even so, they were lowly paid for completing the same piece of the task. Archives from Medieval England identifying with what the normal several(prenominal) did are uncommon, yet some still exist which inspect what ladies living in the towns did. For example, when procuring a commodity, a male could get 8 pence (Rexroth 219).When a woman completes the same task, she was paid 5 pence. For food making, men would receive 6 pence a day, while women got 4 pence (Hanawalt 219).

The rise of the modern Civil Rights movement Essay

The rise of the modern Civil Rights move - Essay ExampleRise of the modern well-bred rights deeds Major players in the modern civil rights movements confront with racial discrimination, social prejudice and poor service provisions, the minority groups realized that they had to fight for their legitimate rights. Studies by McWhorter2 showed that religious leaders, influential businesspersons, and early African American scholars pioneered the modern civil rights movements. Some of the most guiding light individuals who spearheaded the movements included the following, Thurgood Marsh all, Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, and James Meredith. Thurgood Marshall was the first black Supreme Court justice, who prior to his designation was the attorney of the civil rights groups NAACP. Martin Luther Jr. being the most influential figure in the civil rights movement was among the founders of summer Christian leadership conference, which organized civil disobedience movements acro ss the nation. Along with Luther in the spit out for civil rights was excessively Malcolm X popularly known as the Black Nationalist and the founder of administration of the Afro American Unity. The main events that shape the modern civil rights movement The efforts of the modern civil rights movements culminated to the legislature of cutting laws and amendment of racial discriminating laws that had been passed by the past administrations. In 1948, professorship Truman signed the executive order 9981, which provided for comparability of treatment and opportunity for all in the armed forces. Six years later, the ruling by compulsive in 1954 abolished segregation in public schools and termed it unconstitutional. Because of the 1954 ruling, James Meredith became the first black person to enrol at the University of Mississippi. In 1963 Martin Luther lead the famous march on Washington which congregated at the Lincoln memorial, where Martin delivered the I realise a Dream speech. In his phonograph record, Dierenfiled3, wrote that in keeping his promise of the great society, President Johnson signed the civil Rights Act of 1964, which led to prohibition of any form of discrimination, based on race, color, or religion. According to Pitney,4 the President also signed the most documented act of 1965, the Voting Rights Act, which had been passed by the congress. The act abolished the requirements for literacy test and crown taxes making the voting much easier for the African Americans. In addition, Immigration and National Services Act was also passed in the same year, allowing for citizens from other nations apart from the European nation into the U.S. With the recognition of universal equality for all persons without regards to race or gender, the Supreme Court in 1967 passed a ruling that declared the prohibition of interracial marriage unconstitutional. Another notable event in the timeline of civil rights movement was the Los Angeles riots of 1992, which occurred after a romance jury, acquitted four white police officers who were videotaped beating Rodney King. Other groups that fought for equality in the 1950s unconnected from the civil rights movements that championed for the rights of the African Americans, there were also other civil groups fighting for people with disabilities and workers welfare. In his book Caro5, observed that those living with disabilities also faced the similar challenges to some extent that the African Ameri

Primary Prevention of Childhood Obesity Lab Report - 1

Primary Prevention of Childhood Obesity - Lab composing Exampleg is a factor for a childs potential body tip in the near future, the article that I have chosen supports its claims through testing of certain samples of mothers who give and those who do not and the effects of such on their childrens eating patterns at the clipping they suit one-year olds.Conducted by several medical practitioners, the article is entitled straightforwardly the Association of Breastfeeding with Maternal picture of Infant Feeding at Age 1 Year. The objective of course was not just to come out that there is an existing relation between breastfeeding and obesity but to examine whether due to breastfeeding in the runner six months of a babys life, the mother become less restrictive and less arrogant of their childrens food intake, and they become more attuned with the childrens needs, if the child is hungry or not. Since there is no restriction or controls around, this gives the children the opportu nity to regulate their own needs of energy intake and less occur of becoming obese (Taveras, et al, 2004).Specifically, the article proves this theory by studying the association between the occurrences of breastfeeding in the babies premier six months, the extent of such breastfeeding and the mothers actions with regard to these childrens access to food after one year. To talk of the details, the researchers provided modified Child Feeding Questionnaires at 1 year postpartum for the sample mothers to mea genuine whether the mothers at this time are restricting their childrens food intake or pressuring their children to consume more food. By restricting, it means that the mothers are actually conscious of the amount of food they are feeding to their children, making sure that it is not too much. The logic of this testing is to see whether the childrens eating patterns were being controlled by the time they reach one year of age, and this is correlated with the occurrence or non-o ccurrence of breastfeeding in the

How P&G Brought the Diaper Revolution to China Essay Example for Free

How PG Brought the Diaper Revolution to china EssayWhen Procter lay on the line set out to sell Pampers in mainland China much than a tenner ago, it faced a daunting grocery storeing challenge PG didnt in force(p) have to persuade parents that its nappys were the best. It had to persuade many of them that they essential diapers at all. The disposable diaper a throwaway commodity in the West just wasnt part of the cultural norm in the Chinese nursery. Babies wore cloth diapers, or in many cases, no diaper at all. And that, says Bruce Br give birth, whos in charge of PGs $2 billion RD budget, is why China presented and still presents such a huge opportunity.Today, after years of exhaustive research and plenty of missteps, Pampers is the no 1-selling diaper in China and the company, in many ways, is just getting started there. The diaper market in China is booming. It stands at $1. 4 billion roughly a quarter the size of the U. S. market and is communicate to grow 40 percent over the next few years, tally to research firm Datamonitor. PGs success in China has helped CEO Bob McDonald set some bold goals. Last October, he laid out a plan to add one billion customers over the next quintette years by promoting PG brands throughout some of the poorest corners of the world.How will PG go about doing that? To get a sense, just look at the way it cracked and to a large degree created the market for disposable diapers in China. Learning From Failure When PG first launched Pampers in China in 1998, the effort flopped. Instead of developing a unique product for the market, PG made a lower-quality version of U. S. and European diapers, wrongly assuming that parents would buy them if they were cheapjack enough. It just didnt function, Brown says. Chinese split-pants, or kaidangku. Photo by The Wus Photo Land on Flickr It didnt help that Chinese families had always gotten along just fine without disposable diapers.There, potty instruct often begins as early as six months, and children wear whats called kaidangku colorful open-crotch pants that let them squat and relieve themselves in open areas. Pampers gear wasnt compelling people to try something unused and neither was the product itself. We scrimped on the softness in the earlier versions, says Kelly Anchrum, director of world-wide bollix up care, outer relations, and sustainability. It had a more plasticky feel. It took us awhile to figure out that softness was just as eventful to moms in a developing market. PG had tried a similarly watered-down approach earlier in the decade, when it launched slipstream and hair-care brands in several emerging markets. Those products also failed, Brown says. After these experiences, the company in 2001 came up with a new approach to product development Delight, dont dilute. In separate words, the diaper requisite to be cheap, solely it also had to do what other cheap diapers didnt keep a baby dry for 10 hours and be as comf ortable as cloth. So PG added softness, dialed down the plastic feel, and increase the absorption capability of the diaper.To bring down the equal, the company developed more efficient technology platforms and travel manufacturing operations to China to eliminate shipping costs. The revamped diaper, Pampers Cloth Like Dry, hit sell shelves in Chinas largest cities in 2006, selling for the equivalent of 10 cents in local currency, less than half the cost of a Pampers diaper in the United States. The Universal Pitch PG had the right diaper and the right worth point. Now it faced the bigger challenge. You have to convince someone that they need this thing, says Ali Dibadj, an analyst who covers PG at Sanford C.Bernstein Co. For Frances Roberts, global brand franchise leader for Pampers, every trip to China was (and still is) an opportunity to learn more about Chinese nursery habits. Its part of the PG ethos that brand leaders visit consumers in their own homes something Roberts h as done in dozens of countries, including Germany, Russia, and Jakarta. The goal is to uncover the nuances of each market, and early on in its diaper research PG discovered a universal need. Moms say the same things over and over, Roberts says. Their cry We take more sleep.With the help of the Beijing Childrens Hospitals sleep Research Center, PG researchers conducted two exhaustive studies surrounded by 2005 and 2006, involving 6,800 home visits, and more than 1,000 babies throughout eight cities in China. Instead of cloth, the research subjects were tucked into bed with Pampers. The results PG account that the babies who wore the disposables fell asleep 30 percent faster and slept an extra 30 minutes every night. The subject area even linked the extra sleep to improved cognitive development, a compelling point in a society obsessed with academic achievement.PG then hurl its marketing machine into motion. Pampers launched the Golden Sleep campaign in 2007, which included mass carnivals and in-store campaigns in Chinas biggest urban areas. A viral campaign on the Pampers Chinese web site asked parents to upload photos of their sleeping babies to drive home the acquires sleep message. The response was impressive 200,000 photos, which PG used to create a 660-square-meter photomontage at a retail store in Shanghai. The ad campaign boasted scientific results, such as Baby Sleeps with 50% little Disruption and Baby Falls Asleep 30% Faster.No diaper brand, non even equate Kimberly-Clark, maker of Huggies, has come close to spending as much on advertising in China, according to CTR Market Research, the China-based division of American media researcher TNS Media Intelligence. Since 2006, Pampers measured media spend topped 3. 2 billion yuan, or about $476 million more than three times as much as any other brand. In 2009 alone, PG spent $69 million, compared to Kimberly-Clarks $12 million spend for Huggies. Ruling the Nursery in China and Around the WorldTo day, Pampers is the top-selling brand in China, a country where about a decade ago the disposable diaper category hardly existed. PG does not release sales figures for specific countries, but Datamonitor estimates that the company has captured more than 30 percent of the $1. 4 billion market. Karl Gerth, an Oxford professor who researches the spread of consumerism in China, says PGs marketing campaigns strike the right tone. You dont want to come off as paternalistic, says Gerth, who wrote the contain China Made Consumer Culture and the Creation of the Nation. The idea that Pampers brings a scientific backing and gives children an edge in their environment thats a brilliant way to stand out from the competition. You could argue that its favourable being No. 1 when the market is still small. But PG still has a lot of work to do. The company faces challenges from private-label and domestic brands, including the No. 2 market leader, Hengan International Group, which has steadily gro wn its market plowshare to 20 percent. Local brands, meantime, are catching up with better products, marketing, and distribution. Chinese consumers are going to want to root for the home team, Gerth says. And theres still the challenge of making disposables a habit. On average, diaper use still amounts to less than one a day.Weve only just begun to scratch the surface in China, Dimitri Panayotopoulos, iniquity chairman of global household care, told investors in a 2008 analyst meeting. Theres even bigger potential in India, where the birth rate is almost double that of China but the diaper market remains tiny at about $43. 4 million. (Pampers is the top-selling brand there, too. So now, PG plans to take the sleep program line throughout rural and poor areas in India and elsewhere. The company also makes its case by positioning itself as a baby-care educator. Pampers sponsors healthcare-outreach programs such as a rural immunization program in China and rambling medical-care vans in Pakistan and Morocco. In India, theres a door-to-door program that offers baby-care tips and diaper samples for moms. Of course, PG tweaks the sales pitch to fit different markets thats what the company is known for.In India, for instance, the convenience of disposable diapers doesnt resonate with parents. The companys consumer research found that many Indian mothers think that only lazy moms put their babies in disposable diapers that last a full night. As Pampers brand manager Vidya Ramachandran reported in an internal video shown to employees, We really had to change that mindset and educate mothers that using a diaper is not about convenience for you its about your babys development.

Will and Grace Moveable Feast Essay Example for Free

Will and knock down Moveable Feast Essay1. Give an shell someone employing empathic listening. Explain When K ben is talking al to the highest degree Stan wanting her to sleep with other men, Grace turd and Will, listen empathetically. They listen to be sensitive to her. They get wind that even though she acts tough, she loves her husband and is upset by this. They let her know that they understand how she is feeling and that they be there for her. 2. Which tone of voice to critical listening is most vulnerable in this episode? Explain your answer. The most vulnerable step I think is To focus all energy-Attending Each of the characters are so focussed and worried about leaving all(prenominal) place and getting subscribe to their private celebration they are having at Wills and Graces apartment, that they dont fully attend distributively gathering. They do not give their full attention to the people that they are visiting at each of the parties and they easily misunder stand some of the conversations and intentions because they are not fully listening to the conversations that are going on around them.3. Give an example of one of the listening barriers seen in this episode. Be specific. The listening barrier I saw was preoccupation Everyone is so preoccupied with their individual issues, they arent focusing on the day. Also they are preoccupied with leaving each of the places that they are visiting so they can leave and go back to Will and Graces apartment for their own dinner.4. Give an example of selective listening in this episode. Be specific Selective listening happens when Will is talking about what not to do at his house. Jack doesnt fully listen to him as proven when he misuses the term business jaunt 5. Give an example of ambush or defensive listening in this episode. Be specific Jack and his step dad. Jack is expecting his step dad to be critical and when he welcomes them all, Jack is showing an example of Ambush listening when he says things about him his step dad being distant and says things about his step dad making digs at him. Also when Jack goes back to talk to him about why his step dad was nice to Elliot. He ambushed him.

A Clean Well Lighted Place Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Clean Well lighten up Place Analysis EssayA Clean Well Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway is a cryptic short story about a desensitize hu hu opus racekindkind in a stymy late at night with the server suckting frustrated with him because he presses to go home. The parley easily turns to ii waiters who inject a symbolic exchange. This entire piece of full of symbology and is in my opinion a story up the the interpretation of each individual reader. In the daytime the street was covered, solo at night the dew settled the dust and the senile man correspondingd to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. In this sequence we see the first base comparison made between light and darkness, and we see the daytime being described as dusty and the in the night the dew eliminated the dust.This state of moistness or lubrication perhaps represents a state of mental lubrication, disengage from the dullness of the day. Its also inte resting that a deaf man would be able to enumerate the difference between the sounds of the day and sounds of the night. In my opinion this means that at night when its judge to be desolate the man tactile propertys more at home than he does in the daytime when in that respect is expected to be commotion. Last week he tried to commit self-destruction, one waiter said. wherefore? He was in despair. What about? Nothing. How do you know it was zero? He has plenty of money. This is a risible dialogue about the condition of money vs happiness. The man is described as being in despair, but yet they know now what he has to be despaired about if he has means to provide him happiness. save they do not see the true ironic sadness of the situation.A old man is posing alone in a cafe at night downing shots of brandy. It is obvious to the reader that the old man does not have a very pleasant animation. They sat together at a table that was close against the w totally near the door of the cafe and looked at the terrace where the tables were all desolate except where the old man sat in the tail end of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind. A girl and a soldier went by in the street. The street light shone on the impertinence number on his collar. The girl wore no head covering and hurried beside him. This is the second time the shadow of the leaves of the tree is mentioned, this is demonstrative by the author that this is important and essential symbology to understand. Obviously the eaves burn down produce no real shadow since its night, however since it is under an electric light the leaves produce a rancid shadow from a false light. The legal definition of false light is a portrayal that is extremely come toense to a agentable person but not so much so that its defamation. This allows the old man sitting there to perhaps portray himself as disgusting to the waiter, as we ordain see in a later exchange, but not so much so that he d efames himself. The man is also able to view from the terrace the soldier and the women passing by. This might be the man looking down and reminiscing on memories of old.Another exchange that struck me was between the two waits discussing the events of the attempted suicide of the man. Hes drunk now, he said. Hes drunk every night. What did he require to k inauspicious himself for? How should I know. How did he do it? He hung himself with a rope. Who cut him down? His niece. Why did they do it? Fear for his soul. How much money has he got? Hes got plenty. This exchange shows the audience the severity of this mans drinking, and drinking almost goes without symbology itself as an expression of relieving anything from stress, to recreation, to wallowing in pity.They again distribute to recognize the plight and sorrow this man has, they suffer from a delusion that this mans great wealth brings him enjoyment and happiness, however again we contribute tell that it doesnt. T he waiters also state that the mans niece who came and saved him did so out of guardianship for his soul, not fear for his life, but fear for his soul. To me this is indicative that this mans life is in such a sorrowful that its not worth saving, but his soul is all that remains of him, and the only thing that is worth saving of him.Again we see in the go forwardd dialogue between the two waiters, and we see the more they speak the more they reveal about this man. They also continue to speak about him in a false light, that is being offensive without defamation. He stays up because he likes it. Hes lonely. Im not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me. He had a wife once too. A wife would be no good to him now. You cant tell. He might be better with a wife. His niece looks after him. You said she cut him down. I know. I wouldnt want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing. Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling. plain now, drunk. Look at h im. I dont want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those who must work. The man stays up late because he is lonely, and had a wife, but the other waiter speaks of him in a false light because he says A wife would be no good to him now which would be in my opinion considered offensive. They also speak ill of his age, however the other waiter defends him by saying he is clean and doesnt spill, even plot drunk. Being clean represents the man exercising a lack of vulgarity, and he is civilized and dignified by not spilling, even in a compromised state of being intoxicated.They also continue to be offensive to him by one of the waiters stating I dont want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those who must work The exchange between the two waiters further reveal the reason and life behind the lonely man in the cafe. Why didnt you permit him stay and drink? the unhurried waiter asked. They were putting up the shutters. It is not hal f-past two. I want to go home to bed. What is an hr? More to me than to him. An hour is the same. You talk like an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home. Its not the same. No, it is not, agreed the waiter with a wife. He did not wish to be unjust. He was only in a hurry. And you? You have no fear of going home before your usual hour? Are you trying to insult me? No, hombre, only to process a joke. No, the waiter who was in a hurry said, rising from pulling down the metal shutters. I have confidence. I am all confidence. You have youth, confidence, and a job, the older waiter said. You have everything. And what do you lack? Everything but work. You have everything I have. No. I have never had confidence and I am not young. Come on.Stop talking nonsense and lock up. I am of those who like to stay late at the cafe, the older waiter said. With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night. I want to go home and i nto bed. The hurried waiter speaks that he wishes to leave so he can get some sleep, and they reveal that the extra hour saved by the waiter meant more to the man than it did to the waiter. The two waiters eventually get into the topic of having youth and confidence, where one states that he has great confidence and youth and the other says he has never had confidence and is not young.This statement reveals more about the nature of the old man, showing that the old man lacked youth and confidence that he used to have, and drinks to regain whats left of his dignity and pride, as exhibit earlier. The older waiter also states that he doesnt desire to leave earlier, as to provide a sebastion of hope and light for those who need it, like the deaf man. The waiter thinking to himself while sitting at the bar shows us the real reason why the deaf man tries to commit suicide, and the real reason why a clean and well-lighted locate is needed in the middle of the night. Turning off the elec tric light he continued the conversation with himself. It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant.You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread. It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. around lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada. We see here now that the man wanted to end his life because it was nothing and he was nothing, and that a empty hollowness that he had.He did not despair and was not in grief, but simply felt an emptiness and only a clean well-lit place such as this cafe provided. In closing we find the older waiter conversing with himself He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted cafe was a v ery different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. after all, he said to himself, its probably only insomnia.Many must have it. We find here that this older waiter does to some extent feel the same emptiness as the old man does. He find the daylight as a time to sleep, opposite of normal. He finds the daytime as a lack of activity, and the night as a time for activity. The waiter is in some ways institutionalized and imprisoned to the service of those who feel empty. After all of this we find the significance of all of this imagery and symbolism we see the story of a man whose life has essentially finished its course, only that his heart remains beating.We see a man who is often looked down upon because of the extent of his drinking and is seen in a false light. We find a man who does not drink to forget or drink to remember or drink because he is in sorrow or grief, but he drin ks because of nothing. He drinks because he feels nothing and experiences nothing. We find that his wife and days of youth and confidence have left him and not he has absolutely nothing. This man and galore(postnominal) others like this find cafes such as this one that are clean and well-lit to be bastions and beacons of hope to those who have this feeling of nothingness.

International Law †Definition Essay Example for Free

International reading of justice Definition EssayThere have been many attempts at codifying the justice of natures harnessing outside(a) activities. An foreign justness essenti onlyy governs outside(a) activities, or activities that have internationalisticististic implications, betwixt devil sovereign nations or entities by commonality rules, standards and conditions.The concept of wakelessly binding agreements with an international scope was beginning(a) introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the cobblers last quarter of the 18th Century (ILC, 2009). Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher who first coined the idea of an international right that would regulate all(a) important activities or aspects of international activities bid commerce, justice, high sea activity, il court-ordered acts, sovereignty, self defense and annoyance (Britannica, 2009). International virtue is inherently contrastive from other(a) laws as it primarily addresses the concerns of nat ions and not private citizens. It ordure legally be categorized into three different legal discip beginnings1. exoteric international law deals with common law issues between sovereign states and international organizations. Legal areas that are covered under the ambit of earth international law include international crime, high sea issues and humanitarian laws.2. head-to-head international law likewise called as conflict of laws, addresses the issue of private relations across national borders and decides on the jurisdiction of the law. It has its roots in all the conventions, model laws, sovereign laws, legal guides, and all other documents and related instruments that govern such international relationships (ASIL, 2009).3. Supranational law withal called the law of supranational organizations, governs divisional agreements between two international entities and distinguishingly nullifies laws of the respective nations in a military post of conflict with their sovereign l aws.Public International legalityPublic international law relates to the form and conduct of individual states and various organizations across the globe. Over a period of time, there has been an increased international activity and globalization has further enabled internationalization of issues. These issues, whether, economic, geo-political, environmental, criminal or else, find their right place under the ambit of Public international law.Public international law mainly has two branches that that deal with international issues. jus gentium or Law of nations was initially used by the romish empire when they dealt with foreigners. Law of nations is a common law among nations that deals with issues like peace and war, extraditions, national boundaries and international diplomatical exchanges (Wiki, 2009). The other branch of Public international law, known as Jus inter gentes, also finds its roots in the Roman law governance. This branch mainly deals with international treaties, conventions and other agreements between sovereign nations and international organizations.Public international law is also used to address sovereignty issues of nations, their boundary issues and jurisdictions. They also identify the legal responsibilities of a state, their jurisdiction of a territory and other territorial issues. This may lead to a situation of conflict between the international law itself and the sovereign state.Private International LawPrivate international law as described earlier addresses the issues between two private international entities. This branch of law regulates all the lawsuits that involve an element foreign in nature and ones that may result in different interpretations and judgments depending on the jurisdiction of the subject (Collier, 2001). Private international law, in a situation of conflict between two international entities, de experimental conditionines if the proposed forum has any jurisdiction at all over the conflict situation. It pa st analyses and decides on the ability of competing state laws in dealing with the dispute. This branch of international law is also trusty for enforcement of the law.The term conflict of Laws loosely refers to the disparities between laws and reflects this disparity irrespective of the fact whether the legal system is international or inter-state. The term conflict of laws is used by countries with common law system whereas the term Private international law is used more appropriately in cases where civil law countries are regard. The term that was initially used by and American lawyer and Judge Joseph Story for a common gamut of international laws, was discarded later by the common law researchers but was adopted by civil law lawyers (Collier, 2009).Since Private international law deals with international territorial disputes and also decides on legal jurisdictions of nation states, it is generally not easy to enforce decisions. There are two different lines of legal thinking th at that extend to define this law. One called universalism is a stream of thinking where the researchers believe that this branch of law is a component of international law and applies in uniformity and is legally binding to all the nation states. The other throng of researchers claims it to be particularism, according to which each state has its own unique norms of private international laws and pursues them in line with its policies.There are two major areas of functioning for Private international law. Sensu stricto or narrow superstar comprises of these set of rules and guidelines that actually determine the applicability of law of a nation in relation to the dispute. Sensu lato, also called as broader sense, comprises of a set of legal guidelines that has a direct bearing on material norms track the borders of a state (Collier, 2009). This branch of Private international law normally deals with global issues like international insurance, realty and financial disputes.It wa s in 1834 that Joseph Storys treatise on the conflict of laws introduced the contemporary field of conflicts to the system of international law. His work had a great find on the further legal research done with(p) on English laws and thus became the heart of Private international laws for most of the commonwealth countries.Sources of International lawInternational law has evolved over a period of time and has its roots in the Middle easterly and European history. It was Muhammad al-shaybani who first introduced the Law of the Nations at the end of the 8th century. These were the aboriginal legal treaties that explored applications of Islamic honest code of conduct, and Islamic economic and military jurisprudence in relation to international law. Even though these treaties were in their nascent stage as per todays complexity of issues, they calm down covered a number of areas under the ambit of international law, including treaties involving diplomats and diplomatic issues, iss ues of war, hostages and prisoners of war, and also women, children and civilian protection issues, especially during conflicts (wiki, 2009).The first ever treaties discovered in European history were written by a philosopher, theologist and jurist, Francisco de Vitoria, a staunch Roman Catholic, in late 16th century. Most of these legal opinions by the researchers were greatly influenced by the Islamic International laws that were the only legal International law treaties that took shape in the previous few centuries. Another legal scholar Hugo Grotius in the early 17th century further researched on the international treaties governing international laws and was credited for his legal endeavors (Wiki, 2009).The concept of sovereignty further evolved from the 17th century to the early 20th century in Europe. It was in Munster, in 1648, Germany that the first such instance of any accord governing the concept of international law called Peace of Westphalia took shape. This is when na tionalism took precedence and people started identifying themselves with a certain(a) nation-state. It was in the United States that history saw for the first time a modern instrument of international law take shape. Lieber Code was passed in 1863 by the Congress of the United States to govern actions of US forces involved with the civil war (Wiki, 2009). This was the first ever written law detailing guidelines and rules of war that were adhered to by all the civilized nations.The sources of International law are various resource materials and the processes that have shaped it over a period of time. Most of these processes or the building blocks of rules were greatly influenced by the politics in general and the legal theories by the researchers or philosophers. The decisions taken by the judges and the writings by the jurists are considered the auxiliary sources for the outgrowth of the international law. The international treaties between nation states and organizations, and the customs are also considered international laws of equivalent genuineness (Wiki, 2009). As per the International Court of Justice, Customs are considered a firsthand source for International law, along with general principles of law and various treaties.International law and CustomsCustomary law is already adjudge by the International Court of Justice by a statute in Article 38(1) (b), and is also incorporated in United Nations charter by Article 92 (Villiger, 1985). Customary laws are employ by international agencies in addressing the issues related to international disputes where the application of customs is considered an equivalent to the general practice accepted a part of International law applicable to the dispute. As a thumb rule, as and when a practice becomes a custom, it is applicable to all the member states of the international community. These states are bound by these general principles whether or not they have consented for it, unless they opposed it from the st art.Customs have long been a primary source for International law. Even though codification of customary laws took place in 1899 and 1907 in the Hague and geneva conventions, some customs that were codified, like the laws of the war, had long been the part of international customs. The new codification of customary civil laws true over a period of time since the middle ages. The customary expressions of law that were exigent and were widely accepted within a particular community were written into laws by the local jurists. An pattern of such law would be custom of Paris that regulated the community within Parisian region (Villiger, 1985).The term customary law as a part of International law, also refers to the legal norms that were developed over a period of time and with customary exchanges between two independent states either through diplomacy or with wars. Though customary laws are not considered as superior as other laws written by statute or treaties in the International la w system and are loosing their influence, they still are considered and recognized as building blocks for the ever evolving international laws and given great thought in most of the scholarly works by jurists. We may find examples of strong customary laws across the globe, like the Canadian aboriginal law, that have a constitutional backing and thus have an increasing influence over deciding factors (Villager, 1985).

Functional Areas of Business Management Essay Example for Free

Functional Areas of production line Management analyseAbstractA summary of the bargains and securities industrying functional aras of an organizations structure as an examination of the boilersuit role and responsibility of the coachs of each area. The sales theatre directors primary intention is the ripening, implementation and evaluation of the strategic goals they desire to achieve with the sale organization to be able to assume the societys over exclusively goals. The merchandise manager is responsible for indentifying of the market space with respect to the node, leaf nodes call fors and the ability of the product to meet the customers needs. Marketing managers are as well critical for conducting and evaluating the results of a SWOT psychoanalysis for the company. This training is snappy to the development of corporate goals of the organization.Functional Areas of Business ManagementThere are a number of functional groups that make up an organizations s tructure. Each of these business areas or internal organizations within the company provides a vital function or role to the overall success of the business. Some of these functional groups include finance, human resources, marketing, operations, sales, customer service, research and development to list a few standard functional business groups. The two functional areas of business that go out be reviewed and explored with respect to the mangers roles and associated responsibilities are the sales and marketing functional areas or organizations of a company.There is a strong correlation to these functions within a business organization. Many organizations may crack up these two functional groups and others may closely integrate these to ensure the overall goals are achieved through the perplex functional interaction of these resources. Sales management stinkpot be most easily defined as planning, implementing, and controlling personal contact programs designed to achieve the sale s and fit objectives of the firm (Gale, 2006,). As a sales manager the responsibility is instilled upon this person to be the leader of the sale team. As the leader you are responsible for the strategic planning and the overall process of setting the coveted goals of the sales organization and it is a vital function of the sales manager.Goal setting is usually based on a companys overall sales objectives or targets (Gale, 2007). These goals may be cascaded down from senior management in a puffy organization or be developed through the overall profit and growth that the company is nerve-racking to achieve. As the manager of the sales organization it pass on be important to examine the past account of the products you are selling as an initial assessment of the previous success. Once you have reviewed the revenue results you can compare these to the state of the economy and doctor if these results were typical of the results that other competitor companies achieved in a akin mar ket under these conditions. Also the manager will have to examine the resources that are available and determine if these resources are similar to that of the resulting period being evaluated.The ability of the sales manager to set goals is strongly relate to the desires to change past performanceby lifting all sales, high-margin sales, creating sales for peeled products, etc (Gale, 2007). Implementing the strategic plans are the undermentioned key functions of the sales manager. Depending upon the overall size of the company, size of the territory to cover and the market to cover the sales department may be subdivided into regions. These regions would then have regional managers responsible for each region all working to achieve the overall sales goals and objectives developed within the organization. In developing the plans for implementing, the sales manager may have to answer questions such as how should a sales force be structured? How large a sales force is needed (Gale, 2 006) etc.The sales manager will urinate strategies to be able to achieve the goals. The plans developed for implementation may also include such things as if training is needed and if so then what training is required. They will also be concern with find out if there are requirements for bare-assed budgets or increases to old budgets to be able to implement the strategic plans and successfully execute the strategy. Marketing is the second functional area to be examined as a manager in the organizational structure. The overall function of the marketing department and the leaders of this organization can be viewed as the research group for determining the business needs of the client and indentifying the market place. (Moorman and Rust, 1999) Define the marketing managers as the liaison surrounded by the customer and the product.The marketing manager plays a vital role in understanding the client, understanding the marketing place the client represents and how the product best fi ts the overall needs of this market place. Once the marketing manager and the through the marketing team has identify the market space and the need for the product in it, they will then focus on creating a plan that best allows the company to successfully introduce or continue to succeed in selling the product in the identified market. The marketing manager will be responsible to set goals that will create a raceway for the identified product into the identified market and clients. The marketing manager will utilize the SWOT analysis to create the data that supports the need of a customer to buy and use a desired product.In the SWOT process the marketing manager will also typically identify if there is a market for a new product that the company may have interest in developing. This feedback will be relayed to the research and development organization to identify the economical impact of such a new design. This cost to develop the desired product will be evaluated against the poten tial revenue that can generate. With this information the company will typically decide if the investment will be made to develop the new product or if simply an old product can be modified to achieve the desired results to the client.Once a new product is developed or a current product is meliorate the marketing organization will determine the most beneficial way to introduce these changes to the desired client base. This method can vary from printed material in magazines, internet, client handouts or simply by the sale organization when directly dealing with the existing and new clients when they interact with them. There is significant correlation between the sale department and the marketing department in many industries today.Often it will be discover that the two roles of sales and marketing can be combined to a product marketing manager with sole responsibilities to a single product or product line. When the two functions are combined the manager will be responsible for the growth and success of the product. This manager will also be required to conduct the market research and develop the most successful path to market for the product. Whether the sales and marketing managers are reviewed individually or as a combined role they both play vital roles in the overall developing, implementing and evaluating of the companies goals.ReferencesMoorman, C., and Rust, R.T.(1999). The role of marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63, pp. 180-197 (special Issue) Sales Management. cyclopedia of Management. Ed. Marilyn M. Helms. 5th ed. Detroit Gale, 2006. 778-782. Sales Management. Encyclopedia of Small Business. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 2007. 993-996

Race-Based Jury Nullification Essay Example for Free

Race-Based Jury Nullification EssayInternet research clearly showed a long fib for panel nullification in the US. An explanation of control board nullification, and in particular melt down ground gore nullification, is that it is a method whereby juries supplant unfair honors by declaring dishonored defendants not guilty. Race based nullification is where a control board acquits and individual based on their travel. This is unremarkably found in homogenous juries where at that place is little panel diversity. Past cases such as runaway slave laws and current cases such as police shootings show that race-based nullification is still an issue in modern courtrooms. The evidence being that control panel nullification is an important power necessary for the checks and balances of the judicial systemJury nullification is a counterbalance enjoyed, and not silent, by all jurors in the US. This right gives jurors the ability to interpret laws for themselves and return not-guilty verdicts for guilty defendants allowing them to nullify laws. (Emal, 1995) The most common admonishment by judges is that jurors must decide the case based on f constitutes, and that they ar not in fact interpreting the fairness of laws. The fear is that if jurors knew or understood this power, it could undermine the authority of the US judicial system. Allowing juries to interpret laws is in fact a right effrontery as a foil against a too powerful central government.Historically there is a tremendous precedent for jury nullification much of it involving race. In the North pre-civil war era juries commonly refused to convict runaway slaves because they felt that the law was unfair. This was an example of jury nullification, where the jury was aware that the defendant was guilty, but refused to return a guilty verdict, in effect nullifying the law. (Emal, 1995) More recently in the 1930s some(prenominal) courts refused conviction for minor alcohol infractions because t hey felt the law was unfair. Another example of this trend were the civil rights trials of neat supremacists in the south in the 50s and 60s in these cases all white juries would refuse to convict white defendants of the take out of blackpeople or civil rights workers. (Emal, 1995)These cases clearly show that there befuddle been legion(predicate) examples of jury nullification in the past in our country. Since a return of a not guilty verdict allows the jury to effectively end prosecution with no appeal allowed by the state it means that juries very have final say well-nigh when and if a law is utilized. This allows juries the power to actually use their moral sense when voting to convict or release a defendant. One possible outcome of jury nullification is the possibility of a major increase in hung juries.Race has figured in many instances of jury nullification so there is a clear precedent for race based jury nullification. (Emal, 1995) belatedly all white juries have refu sed to convict white police officers in wrongful shooting trials where the dupe was black. Also black juries have refused to convict clearly guilty defendants of crimes on the grounds that there are too many black people in prison already. (Butler, 1995) Another possible reason for jury nullification is to punish prosecutors and police for tactics, which the jurors find unpalatable.Many people recently felt that the O.J. Simpson trial was race based jury nullification similarly the Rodney King trial would be an example. In both of these cases many people felt that the individual was guilty but that they were released because of their race. Some states have proposed that juries should have racial quotas in order to avoid possible race based nullification. In this system jurors who should be excused could be kept even if they were unsatisfactory if they fit some particular racial need. These attempts to scorn jury nullification point to the seriousness with which this power is viewed .Some black lawmakers have said that since a jury is vocalization of a community then jurors should have the right to decide which people they will allow to consist among them. (Butler, 1995) This basically means that jurors exercise their power based on conscience and not based on the facts of the case. This means that black juries would acquit non-violent black defendants even in cases where they were clearly guilty to nullify the set up of a predominantly white judicial system. The belief here is that the laws areinherently unfair because they were created by and for white people. (Butler, 1995)Clearly there is a place for jury nullification in the US. There has been a long history of unfair laws and practices in the country and allowing the jury the power to overturn or nullify them is a good way to keep the government in check. (Jones, 2004) The real question is more about race-based nullification. Should race be a factor when juries find nullification as an option? The ans wer to this is entangled if a jury authentically feels that a defendant was targeted unfairly based on race shouldnt they have some power to affect the trial. (Butler, 1995) Also without a complete revamping of the legal system ( scarey thought) how would one go about fixing the problem? Can nullification be eliminated with our current system?The idea is to really re-examine the selection process. With nullification as a real possibility then prosecutors can act to eliminate it by paying more attention to homogeneity during the selection process. Any prosecutor who allows a homogenous jury runs a real risk of losing the case based on nullification. Also race based jury nullification has been a useful tool in the past. (Jones, 2004) If not for northern juries how many runaway slaves would have been returned to torture and beatings in the south. In this case we had a manifestly unfair law which juries exercised a legitimate nullification against.Overall race based jury nullification is a scary prospect when taken to the extreme but it is a prospect that bears some consideration. Since it has been used righteously in the past it is a hard decision to contemplate getting rid of it. If there was no jury nullification of any kind then the country would have missed out on juries taking a stand against poorly thought out laws. The answer is that jury nullification has played a dual roll in our history. At times it is a useful tool as in the cases involving slavery or differential prosecution, at times allowing racists to go free. So having weighed the merits of the situation it is best go away as is currently. There is a real risk for overuse if everyone were aware of thepower but in its absence the government would exercise too much power unbalanced by the power of the people.The conclusion would have to be that there is too much risk in eliminating jury nullification as a whole. Race based nullification is probably not necessary and would be nice to eliminate bu t there is no effective way to combat this. One possibility mentioned earlier is for prosecutors to consider nullification during the selection process to help combat this problem.ReferencesButler, Paul. (1998). Racially Based Jury Nullification inglorious Power in the CriminalJustice System. Yale Law Review, 105, 677-725.Emal, Russ. (1995). Jury Nullification Why You Should Know What It Is. Retrieved on11/21/04 from http//www.greenmac.com/eagle/ISSUES/ISSUE23- /07JuryNullification.htmlJones Iloilo Marguerit. (2004). American Juror. Retrieved on 11/21/04 fromhttp//www.fffija.org

BHP Billiton’s Case study for Corporate Citizenship Essay Example for Free

BHP Billitons end study for Corporate Citizenship EssayCorporate citizenship focuses on the human body show of responsibility companies apply toward the residential ara they argon operating in. The ara of focus could be how customers and the community could be impacted by what a addicted alliance or tum is doing. The argona of concern could implicate the communities much(prenominal) companies be operating in, stakeholders that include sh atomic number 18holders, employees, and opposite military controles such as suppliers that be interacting or working with such entities.What is involved in collective citizenship is more than than statuary obligation where companies be getd to tackle certain standards and requirements by law. Corporate citizenship evaluates what business entities with various recoils are doing to add to the quality of life of their employees and their dependants, as come up as the community they are operating in, including the larger ca ller that their community is part of.Corporate citizenship, in addition known as corporal social responsibility (Catalyst Consortium, 2002) has opponents and proponents where the opponents argue that steering on collective citizenship depart derail businesses from focusing on their main concern, which is the usual role businesses are playing in the community. Others are saying, in reality the consentaneous concept is not more than a window-dressing. in that respect are opponents who insist that focusing on corporate citizenship leave enable businesses to divert the attention governmental watchdogs are directing at them.What the proponents exaltedlight is if corporations and equivalent businesses are sensitive to social responsibilities, it depart directly benefit them by enabling them to avoid focusing on their short-term drive to increase profit (Fields, 2002). What is involved in all this is the ethics of doing liable business in communities where these numerous big businesses that could be corporation are involved, whereby being vertical in what they are doing will benefit them more, by enabling them to avoid pitfalls that could come to haunt them.At the same time, the numerous communities that are accommodating numerous businesses will be free of harm by their wrongdoing. It is catchy to quantify and to come up with almost kind measurement technique concerning what should be the standard honorable conformity required from each business entity because of the varied involvement each one of them has in what they are doing (Thillmany, 2007). It is executable to mention Demngss Fourteen Points, Balanced Scorecards (Leadership Institute) as an effort to introduce some kind of a standard, although it is difficult to see how successfully it will do the job.Furthermore, Orilizty, Schmidt, and Rynes (2003) had demonstrated that there is a cor similarityal statistics between social transaction that takes into consideration the environment and f inancial performance. The problem with such outlook had been since businesses are aware of their social responsibility they would avoid focusing on the short-term gain they would garner from their conducting business. few of the key components of corporate responsibilities might involve charitable activities or volunteering to activities that require the input of bigger entities.It is withal possible divisions such as human resources or public relations could look later corporate responsibility, while using other divisions in an organization if they are suitable cannot rule them out. It is withal possible that it could involve the CEOs or the Boards. There are key areas in an organization where corporation responsibility more vivid. unrivaled of them is human resources where the kind of hiring and retaining practice that pertaining to a given firm will enable it to draw and quarter technical employees and having such practice in place would enable to portray a good motion pi cture in the community it is operating in.Another area that needs attention is the kind of risk management applied in a given firm, where if anything goes wrong it will be difficult to repair a damaged corporation image. Incidents such as corruption and environmental accidents could exacerbate the erosion of a corporations image and requires handling with the utmost care. Overall, the kinds of advantages a corporate that has a good image and is good citizen could reap could a long way and could avail a vast advantage for those that could score lavishly marks.There is withal a case where corporations would like to minimize outside interference directed at them, especially by governmental bodies that could levy heavier taxes or introduce strict regulations. Such measures could impeded the progression corporations can make and one way to avoid that is to engage in various activities such as a concern for the safety and health of their workers, introducing diversity, make the enviro nment their priority, and getting engaged in the community they are operating using the available various channels.In all this, it is possible that corporations will fall out themselves in a dilemma, because their primary goal is to maximize profit for the stakeholders and if they do not fulfill that obligation, they will not generate enough interest to attract investors. There are economists such as Milton Friedman (NYT) who had openly advocated that since the main drive of corporations is to make profit, they do not have to be worried about the society most them. Such strong-held views had been defied simply because if e very(prenominal) corporation strives to expire a good citizen, whatever it incurs for doing so will be part of doing normal business.The investors who are members of society will reward those that are good corporate citizens, while they shun away from those that are not, and that obviously affects corporations that fall behind in contact their good citizenship role. It is also possible that some of the operation of some corporations might have a cast out impact on society, on their employees, on the environments and the like, yet they could engage in a public relation campaign to distract critics, observers, or regulators.A few examples to cite are tobacco or crude oil companies whose operations cause damages and no amount of public relation could hide that. In a situation like this, those who can control such operators such as governments, investors, as well as suppliers could exert pressure on them to meet certain good citizenship requirements. Overall, it is possible for corporations to be good citizens and become useful business operators. At the same time, even if some corporations try to become good citizens, because of what they are involved in, it will take them longer time to meet the requirements.The outcome validates that if corporations are not prudent and accountable for what they are doing and have more inputs into the communities they are operating, and unless they oversee the welfare of their workers, as well as numerous partners and stakeholders, in todays market place where information travels fast, it could cost them a lot. The high price to pay could be worse for those that are public companies, simply because they could be deprived important resources such as capital, expertise, manpower, and the like to make them conform.In light of that, this paper will analyze how BHP Billiton, an Australian based resource fellowship is meeting its requirements of a good corporate citizenship. BHP Billiton The company claims that it is distinguished from the other resource companies because it has quality assets, a lineup of projects that the other companies do not have, it is claiming to be customer rivet in its marketing effort, it is diversified across many countries, the commodities it deals with are also diversified and that includes the markets it is operating in.One final exception the company has is it is into petroleum business too. With its 39,000 worldwide workers, it is industry leader or near industry leader in commodity business, such as aluminum, energy, mostly coal petroleum and congenital gas, copper, manganese, iron, uranium, nickel, silver, and titanium minerals. All this information and more, such as the $15. 6 meg net profit it do for the year 2007 is on the companys website. It market capitalization from the same source is $140. 5 billion for August of 2007.The company came into existence when two dual listed companies, BHP limited and Billiton Plc merged in 2001. One other important information is the two merged companies continue to exists as separate entities, but they operate as a combined company under one notice of directors (BHP Billiton, About Us). Stakeholders BHP Billiton clearly identifies its stakeholders and they start from its employees and contractors, the communities around them that use the products the company is coming up with.There are also those it claims to have influence on what it is doing and that group starts from the investment community as a whole, not only its shareholders, its business partners, organizations in the communities it is turn up in, unions, non-government organizations, suppliers, various governmental bodies, media, and industry associations. The company believes harmonize to its own statement that accountability and transparency go together.Because of that, it claims that the companys charter, its sustainable development policy, HSEC management standards, and the guide to proper business conduct is middling and done with integrity and fairness. The company claims that it is an avid believer in dialogue with its stakeholders, as it had witnessed the feedback it gets from them had enabled the management to go through their decision reservation checkly, where all prevalent relation information is shared among staff that had resulted in modify the relationship with stakeholders.Furth ermore, there had been a mechanism to address any grievance that originates from stakeholders. Company Approach to Sustainability The company claims that its sustainable development focuses on how its contributions will have a lasting effect on social, environmental, ethical and economic aspects of the company, as well of the communities it is operating in. Because of that, the companys priority is to get it right the inaugural time and claims that it has a holistic approach to what it is doing.One of its priorities, which is zero-harm is a requirement to all those involved in the company and they are accountable for their actions. The zero-harm drive focuses in creating a harm free work environment, as well considering the impact what it is doing would have on the environment. The reward it is seeking for accomplishing that is it wants to attract investors, by demonstrating their investment will not only be valued, but it will be made in a company that meets all its social obligat ions that goes beyond the mandated ones.The same applies to employees that it wants them to be attracted to it because of what it offers and because of the stand it had taken in the community. There is also getting preference from communities and stakeholders for being adherent to what the good corporate citizenship consensus requires. As far as the companies strategies are concerned, it take into account that it is a diversified company that will have to look after its money flows, where some kind of stability is required in order to be in a station to meet financial, social, and environmental needs, while at the same time it delivers value to its stakeholders.The company admits that it also had a business dimension that it has to take into consideration because, without doing that it will find it difficult to meet its sustainability goal. However, it is with dedication to happen upon that goal by making its priority the zero-harm policy that focuses on the well being of workers , communities, and the environment. Furthermore, it makes its priority an effective governance and risk management that will be part of how it operates, so that any wrongdoing will not backfire and affect its progress (BHP Billiton).Sustainability Reporting The company has a policy where it has to review its performance regularly and make its findings public. It believes that doing that will enable it to demonstrate that it is accountable and transparent. It further believes that doing so is an effective stakeholder mesh topology and the reporting process would become a management tool to measure performance, key company issues, and link management concerns and approaches. It claims that it uses two forms of reporting one online reporting and the other in print.To demonstrate there is a convergence between the companys risk management and sustainability programs, the sustainability summary report is included as a chapter in the annual reports of the company. Because of the size of the company and what it is involved in, it will result in making the size of the stakeholders large, necessitating that each operation produces its own sustainability report in the locale and region that it operates (BHP Billiton, Our Business). There is a sustainability committee of the Board whose job is to oversee health, safety, environment, and community (HSEC).There are also line managers who are responsible to oversee HSEC performance. This function called HSEC function has the responsibility of providing guidance directly or through networks. It is also open for outside inputs that could originate form experts and it is possible to channel them through a forum on Corporate Responsibility. The diagram illustrates the prevalent structure for sustainable development. Accordingly, the structure demonstrates that it is possible to direct feedbacks to the highest governance form at the company.At the top of the structure there is BHP Billiton Board appointed by the shareholders to look after their interest. Then there is a subcommittee called Sustainability Committee and it main job focuses on HSEC risks, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements concerning HSEC, performance concerning HSEC matters. It is also responsible for preparing annual sustainability summary report. The members have the academic qualification that is pertinent to HSEC so that they can carry out their duty effectively.There is also a forum focusing on corporate responsibility that brings various stakeholders together to discuss and debate on social and environmental issues that are relevant to the company. The audit committee of the board has a job to make sure the financial reporting, ingrained control structure, risk management, and all required audit functions are in sound condition. The sustainability committee of the board and the audit committee work together, so that the overall overseeing of what takes place in the company meets the requirements.There is also a globa l ethics panel whose main job is to assist the CEO and to enable him meet the governance document requirement, whereby honesty, integrity, forwarding respect and dignity to others would be part of the CEOs job. In addition, it deals with employees facing ethical issues, it reviews business conduct issues that came into existence, and it assesses new policy issues and recommendations. Healthy People The company claims that the well being of people is key to the success of what it does.Because of that, its zero harm policy is very important for the company. practiced Workplace The company here also claims the safety of those who work for the company, the contractors of various stripes, and the communities the company divisions are set in are all important for lay downing its goal as a good corporate citizen. There are a host of measures that the company is introducing on an ongoing basis to safeguard the health of its employees and the communities that are hosting it wherever it op erates.Environmental Commitment The company states that it operates in numerous countries operating a wide variety of business in locations that have different ecosystems. It recognizes that the businesses it is in could affect the environments. Key areas it is focusing on are emissions of gases and particulates, impact of what the company is doing on water quality, land disturbance, land-use change and habitat removal and the like that require more attention be paid on how some of the works are carried out.To deal with such problems the company has a charter that states that the company has an overriding priority to health, safety, environmental responsibility, and sustainable development. Some of the methods it is applying to attain this goal is to strive to be the leader in introducing sound industry practices, to set goals to achieve targets, and enhancing biodiversity aegis by taking into consideration ecological values and the use of land. Social Responsibility The company re cognizes that what it owns and what it does in various communities could affect cultures and living conditions.It strives to avoid negative social impacts as much as possible, and strives to maximize the benefits and opportunities the involved communities would get from what it is doing. Some measures it is taking to oversee the social responsibility issues are building assert and dialogue with those it believes will be affected by what it is doing, promoting human rights among its stakeholders where it would incorporate in what it does issues such as freedom of association, exclusion of child labor, prohibition of forced labor, proper and ethical use of security personnel. building social and human capital by introducing community development, it proposes to recognize and respect indigenous people culture, belief, and tralatitious rights, and come up with facilities that will contribute enhancing and reserving of indigenous cultures. It also proposes to control all economic impac ts it will create on others by creating economic opportunities such as employment, education in a form of training, and what it calls business spin-off, and all other impacts such as displacements, impacts on food and water supplies (CSR Network).Strength and failing The company strength starts from its size and its diversified asset base. As it had been the case if it plans to take advantage acquisition, it has what it takes to allure stakeholders of the targeted companies that had been true when it tried to realise Rio Tinto for 75 billion pounds (Guardian CO. UK). As well as it could withstand market ups and downs since all its assets could not be subject to price change at the same time.It weakness stems from region risk where it has to go to many localities in order to procure what it wants and that will include undeveloped regions where the requirements could be much higher. As well as the risk of losing its investments without compensation is always because of political in stability. The other areas is some of its products that it relies such as uranium and oil are hazardous for the environment and it does what it does amid pressure and opposition resulting making extracting and bringing those commodities expensive.Especially the company is under pressure to bring to a halt all its activities concerning exploit uranium and there is a movement going some of it originating from some of its stakeholders who are asking to checkout everything it has to do with uranium (Guardian Co. UK). External Corporate Citizenship Rating Sources When it comes to rating companies most of them had given it a very high mark. Among others, Ethics World had highlighted what BHP Billiton is doing as far as sustainability is concerned and accordingly this particular power had approved the fact that it had a good stand in that area.(Ethics World). Another source SMH Australia had stated that according to Australias Responsibilities index had put Westpack a bank in Australia at the top of the index with a score for corporate responsibility of 99. 53, while BHP had come second with 93. 21 and the company it tried to acquire Rio Tinto came third at 91. 54 percent (Sydney Morning Herald). In accountability rating conducted in southward Africa where BHP Billiton has interest and operation it had scored first according to Mineweb publication.It was UNISA Center for Corporate Citizenship that conducted the research, the sponsors being Barloworld and the Unisa College of Economic and Management Sciences according to the publication (Mineweb). REFERENCE BHP Billiton, About Us, www. bhpbillition. com-bbccontentrepositary/docs/aboutus/BGF. pdf BHP Billiton, Our Business, www. bhpbillition. com-bbccontentrepositary/docs/ourbusiness/metallurgicalcoal/Illawarracoal/publications/ICsustainReport. pdf